UC-NRLF 


;NGINEERS 


CON  A 


LEADLESS        UNITARY     GLAZES 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Class 


PRACTICALLY    SIMPLE     AND     CHEAP 


FACTORY     GLAZES 


FOR    CERAMIC    ENGINEERS 


ARRANGED  (ON  AN  EXHAUSTIVE  METHOD)  FOR   THE  HEAT   OF  THE 

SOFT  PORCELAIN  KILN 


AND    INCLUDING 


The  Glazes  employed  in  Actual  Manufactory  by  the  foremost  manufacturers  of  the  finest  products, 

with  Improvements  thereon  and  additions  thereto,  resulting  from  twenty  years  of 

research  and  commercially  possible,  and  never  before  put  into  writing 


A.   OF  THE   SERIES 
LEADLESS    SANITARY    GLAZES 

FOR  HARD  WEATHERPROOF  GLAZED  BRICK  AND  STONE  FACTORY ;  FOR  PORCELAIN 

ENAMELLED  F1RECLAY_SAN1TARY  WARE  FACTORY ;  FOR  SOFT  PORCELAIN 

FACTORY ;  FOR  STRONG  CLAYWARE  FACTORY 


BY    H^nrw 
A  WEST    RIDING    EXPERT) 


OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

of 


Xonfcon 
E.    &    F.   N.    SPON,   LIMITED,   o7    HAYMARKET 


Hew 
SPON  &  CHAMBERLAIN,    123   LIBERTY   STREET 

1908 


Ill 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE     .........  .1 

How  TO  USE  THE  CHARTS         ..........  3-5 

MEMORANDA  COMMON  TO  ALL  THE  CHARTS        .......  6-10 

DEFINITION  OF  THE  CHARTS:   THEIR  NATURE  AND  OBJECTS      .          .         .         .     .  11 

MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  BA           .......  12 

CHART  BA     .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .          .     .  13-16 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTES  4  AND  5  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  BA      .  17 

MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  A         .         .         .         .          .         .         .     .  18 

CHART  A    .............  19-22 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTE  3  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  A                  .     .  23 

MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  N    ........  24 

CHART  N         .          .          ,          ..........  25-28 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTES  3  AND  4  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  N         .  29 

MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  B          ........  30 

CHART  B 31-34 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTE  4  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  B        .         .     .  35 

MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  BZ.         .         .          .         .          .         .         .  3& 

CHART  BZ 37-40 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTE  3  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  BZ          .         .  41 

MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  C          ........  42 

CHART  C 43-46 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTES  4  AND  5  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  C    .  47 
MEMORANDA  PARTICULAR  TO  CHART  CZ.         .          .         .         .         .         .         .48 

CHARI  CZ 49-52 

EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTE  4  OF  THE  MEMORANDA  TO  CHART  CZ          .         .  53 

GENERAL  NOTES        .          .          .....          ...  54 

ESPECIAL  NOTE  55-56 


FACTOBY     GLAZES 


KEY 


Carlsbad   Felspar 
(Spar) 


A 

E  =  Cornwall   Stone 

(Soft  Stone — on  no  account  use  any 
adulterated  with  free  Soda,  or  a  salt  of 
Soda) 

B  =  Best  White  China  Clay 

(The  Strong  Siliceous  C.C.) 

C  =  Best   Paris  White 

(Whiting) 

D  =  Best  Ground  Flour  of  Silica 

(Pure  Flint,  or  Diatom  Earth,  or 
Lynn  Sand) 


Carbonate  of  Baryta 

(NOT  Barytes) 


F 

G  =  Pure  Oxide  of  Zinc 


(NOT  the  Carbonate— If  mixed  with 
Carbonate  of  Zinc,  the  supposed  oxide 
must  be  employed  in  greater  quantity 
and  the  glaze  mellowed  longer  after  it  is 
mixed  before  using  it) 


even  if  he  know  nothing   of  science. 


CJCTOEY    NOTE. 

the  practical  man,  in  actual  factory  ;  or  for 
th  factory  for  market. 

iey  are  obscured,  or  thrown  into  perspective, 
e  more  they  will  serve  their  purpose  in  the 
>f  the  method,  herein  outlined,  is  to  proceed 
;cept  such  as  is  absolutely  necessary.  All  else 
the  getting  of  results. 

of  which  ultimately  fuses  into  a  glaze — are 
of  a  chessboard,  will  appear  in  the  "  Definition 

isest  form  possible,  twenty  years  of  enthusiastic 
in  the  synthetic  and  elective  affinities  of  the 
;al  applications  of  the  complex  but  constant 
in  the  yards  of  the  foremost  factories  in  actual 
adding  to  and  confirming  the  physical  and 

st  manufacturers  are  herein  contained    in    their 

Some    better   than   those   in    actual   use    are 

-  compounded   by    any  workman    of  intelligence 


In  fact  this  book  is  especially   designed  for  the  use  of  such  men. 

He  who  realises,  apprehends,  and  applies  the  grounds  covered  ;  or  learns 
what  may  be  acquired  by  giving  the  charts  and  notes  his  careful  thought  and 
earnest  study  will  be  rewarded—  expert  though  he  be  —  by  both  what  they  give 
and  what  they  suggest. 


The  conciseness  of  the  whole  is  noteworthy. 


FACTORY     GLAZES. 


INTRODUCTORY    NOTE. 

FT1HKSE    glazes  are  for    use,  by  the    practical    man,  in  actual    factory  ;    or    for 
pioneer  work  co-ordinated  with  factory  for  market. 

For  that  reason,  the  less  they  are  obscured,  or  thrown  into  perspective, 
by  explanations  and  comments,  the  more  they  will  serve  their  purpose  in  the 
workman's  hand.  And  the  aim  of  the  method,  herein  outlined,  is  to  proceed 
without  any  explanatory  matter  except  such  as  is  absolutely  necessary.  All  else 
muddles  the  workman  and  delays,  the  getting  of  results. 

Why  the  admixtures — each  of  which  ultimately  fuses  into  a  glaze — are 
arranged  in  charts  on  the  squares  of  a  chessboard,  will  appear  in  the  "  Definition 
of  the  Charts  "  and  at  all  points. 

They  represent,  in  the  concisest  form  possible,  twenty  years  of  enthusiastic 
scientific  reseai'ch  by  the  Author  in  the  synthetic  and  elective  affinities  of  the 
earths  and  the  most  recent  'practical  applications  of  the  complex  but  constant 
laws  so  learned  in  the  shops  and  in  the  yards  of  the  foremost  factories  in  actual 
manufactory  for  to-day's  markets  ;  adding  to  and  confirming  the  physical  and 
chemical  work  of  the  laboratory. 

The  glazes  used  by  the  best  manufacturers  are  herein  contained  in  their 
correctest  and  most  perfect  forms.  Some  better  than  those  in  actual  use  are 
given  and  indicated,  and  can  be  compounded  by  any  workman  of  intelligence 
even  if  he  know  nothing  of  science. 

In  fact  this  book  is  especially   designed  for  the  use  of  such  men. 

He  who  realises,  apprehends,  and  applies  the  grounds  covered  ;  or  learns 
what  may  be  acquired  by  giving  the  charts  and  notes  his  careful  thought  and 
earnest  study  will  be  rewarded — expert  though  he  be — by  both  what  they  give 
and  what  they  suggest. 

The  conciseness  of  the  whole  is  noteworthy. 


will  probably  mean  that  your  clay  shrinkage  will  as  often  be  altered  with  them.  Conse- 
quently you  will  only  complicate  your  initial  difficulties  more  and  more  and  create  others 
ad  injinitum. 


3.  Now,  having  realised — probably  at  great  cost  and  tardily  so — that  the  works  and 
the  factory  conditions  and  the  natural  claybed  cannot  be  spirited  into  agreement  with  an 
ewe  lamb,  still  somebody  has  such  a  glaze  which  he  should  know  how  to  modify  into  aoree- 
ment  with  the  claybed,  and  the  factory  conditions,  and  the  works. 

And  because  he  does  not  know  how  and  therefore  fails  to  do  this,  all  sorts  of 
things  are  wrong  with  the  clay,  or  something  else,  or  everything  else  except  the  ewe  larnk 


4.  Stick  to  your  guns  ! — your  clays,  I  mean — and  your  other  materials,  and  keep 
your  fixed  quantities  intact !  And  if  the  finishing  heat  of  the  fired  products  in  your  kilns  is 
to  be  approximately  that  of  the  soft  porcelain  kiln,  or  a  bit  lower  than  that,  use  these  charts 
as  they  are  meant  to  be  used — with  a  systematic,  methodical,  and  exhaustive  thoroughness ! 


5.  If  you  already  manufacture  such  products,  and  already  possess  such  a  glaze  as 
you  should,  of  proved  fitness,  you  will  find  the  proportions  of  your  own  glaze  somewhere  on 
one  of  the  charts  in  the  same,  or  cheaper,  materials  in  the  plain  quantities  and  figures  as 
weighed  |up  in  the  mixing-house  (or  in  some  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  the  same).  Or  it 
may  be  one  obviously  indicated  as  having  its  proper  place  between,  as  the  mean  of,  two  or 
three  others  so  expressed  in  their  proper  places  in  the  scale.  Or  it  may  be  one  which  is  not 
correctly  enough,  or  exactly  enough,  compounded  to  have  its  place  there. 

But  there  will,  in  any  case,  be  some  modification  or  correct  form  of  it  expressed  in 
these  correct  compositions,  or  the  scale  places  between  each,  in  relation  to  other  similar  and 
better  compositions  of  its  own  type  and  other  types. 


6.  Suppose  that  the  shrinkage  of  your  wares  be  the  "normal"  shrinkage — that  is, 
the  amount  of  ordinary  contraction,  say,  of  a  Leeds  fireclay,  or  other  strong  clay,  or 
composition  paste,  of  a  good  type,  during  its  cooling  off,  and  especially  below  the  point  of 
rigid  solidification  of  the  glaze,  after  both  have  been  fired  to  the  heat  of  the  finishing  kiln  and 
left  to  gradually  cool  off  above  this  point  and  below  it. 

In  that  case  you  will  start  by  weighing  up  as  customarily  and  properly  preparing  a* 
usual,  and  using  in  the  ordinary  way  a  composition  (or  compositions)  or  admixture  (of  the 
materials  commonly  employed)  whose  types  converge  towards  the  E.  and  S.  and  S.E.  of  the 
charts. 

See  Chart  N  and  Notes  to  Chart  N,  etc. 


7.  Should  your  own,  or  some  other  glaze  which  you  ;know,  possess  some  characteristic 
qualities  which  you  wish  retained  and  intensified  (or  lessened),  you  will  choose  a  composition 
of  the  type  which  most  nearly  corresponds  to  it  (as  to  the  materials  employed  and  the  relative 
quantities  thereof  in  its  composition)  and  make  that  your  starting  point. 


8.  If,  during  the  course  of  your  investigations,  you  wish  to  intensify  or  eliminate  or 
introduce  some  particular  characteristic,  you  will  note  in  which  line  of  direction  of  the  squares 
that  quality  diminishes  or  increases,  disappears  or  becomes  apparent.  You  will  work  along 
that  horizontal,  or  vertical,  or  diagonal  direction,  N.  or  S.  or  E.  or  W.  or  N.W.  or  N.E.  or  S.W. 
or  S.E.,  as  far  as  other  considerations  weighing  with  you,  or  imposed  upon  you  by  conditions 
which  modify  your  desired  result,  will  allow  you  to  go  in  that  direction. 


9.  After  you  have  fired  and  cooled  off  your  products,  under  the  usual  conditions  of 
factory  for  market,  or  as  nearly  these  as  it  is  possible  or  economical  for  you  to  employ  for  your 
test  purposes,  or  your  experiments  or  your  pioneer  work,  you  cannot  too  carefully  examine  or 
too  critically  estimate  your  results. 


10.  If  now  your  glaze,  in  respect  of  the  characteristic  quality — say,  its  co-efficient 
(contraction) — differ  but  slightly  from  what  you  wish  to  obtain,  take  a  composition  towards, 
say,  the  top  of  the  same  column  of  squares  only  a  square  or  two  further  up ! 

If  it  differ  considerably,  move  several  squares  up,  and,  if  necessary,  move  into  another 
chart :  See  notes  to  charts  and  the  charts !  Or  it  may  be  that  your  results  indicate  that  you 
must  move  in  the  opposite  direction. 


11.  AVhen  you  have  located  your  line  of  direction,  you  will  soon  get  what  you  want  and 
be  satisfied  with  it ;  if  you  follow  up,  in  the  direction  indicated,  with  the  compositions  in  the 
squares  along  that  line  of  direction. 


12.  To  impart  other  desired  characteristics  such  as  brilliancy  or  deadness,  transparency, 
clearness,  opalescence,  semi-opaqueness,  density,  elasticity,  toughness,  covering  power,  appearance, 
texture,  shade,  size,  adherence,  and  a  hundred  others ;  you  may  then  be  disposed  to  follow  up 
the  various  lines  of  directions  on  the  various  charts  with  certain  success  in  the  shortest  time 
and  on  the  shortest  road  thereto. 


B 


MEMORANDA    TO    BE    NOTED 

COMMON     TO    ALL    THE     CHAETS. 


1.     Each  of  these  squares  represents  an  admixture  of  the  materials  named. 

These  earths,  previously  ground  to  fine  flour,  are  to  be  employed  in  the  ratio  of  the 
(charges  or)  quantities  indicated  by  the  weights  expressed  of  dry  materials.  They  are  to  be 
intimately  mixed  and  blunged,  or  milled,  and  sieved ;  or  otherwise  properly  prepared  for  use 
in  the  usual  way. 


2.  Each  admixture  selects  the  cheapest  and  simplest  materials  possible  for  use  in  factory 
conditions  and  commercial  economics ;  each  produces  an  ultimate  convolution  (glaze)  of  correct 
combination  (physically  and  chemically) :  that  is  to  say,  each  has  its  "  electrons "  in  a  state 
of  exact  balance  or  equilibrium. 

This  will  result  as  a  consequence  of  soaking  the  intimate  admixture  (on  the  dipped  or 
brushed  wares)  in  heat  (energies)  of  sufficient  intensity  to  fuse  it. 

The  product,  after  fusion,  will  be  a  convolution  (glaze)  of  uniform  nature  throughout ; 
having  exactly  poised  affinities  and  no  free  (uncombined)  elemental  anions  or  kations  in  its 
composition :  all  such  electrons  having  established  a  perfect  equilibrium  (combine)  amongst 
themselves  during  the  firing  and  cooling  off  in  the  kiln. 

Only  such  products  can  properly  resist  the  atmospheric  conditions,  corroding  influences, 
and  disintegrating  forces  which  are  ceaselessly  acting  upon  them.  And  such  do  not  lose  their 
beauty,  or  rot  off"  the  clay,  or  absorb  filth.  Compositions  (glazes)  which  are  not  so  correctly 
and  exactly  balanced,  when  compounding  them,  fail  as  glazes  on  the  finished  products  with 
obvious  disaster ;  as  may  be  seen  in  evidence  in  any  factory  and  wheresoever  such  have  been 
in  situ  or  used  for  any  time :  see  urinals,  closets,  bricks,  pottery  tiles,  etc.,  etc.,  every  where 
staring  you  in  the  face— unsightly,  dirty,  foul,  rotten,  insanitary,  soaked  with  filth  and  germs, 
discoloured  and  stained. 


3.  Such  characteristic  qualities  as  transparency  or  semi-opaqueness ;  brilliant  or  matte  or 
dead  glaze  ;  opalescence  ;  density  ;  tone  ;  crazing  ;  straining ;  shelling  ;  stunting ;  lifting ;  rupture  ; 
blebbing;  elasticity;  peppering;  crawling;  shivering;  and  the  numerous  others  of  finished 


glazes :  and  such  factory  troubles  as  covering  capacity,  crowfooting,  rupture,  shelling,  lifting, 
shivering,  etc.,  in  shop  or  kiln:  and  the  problems  of  factory  before  or  during  or  after  the 
burning  of  the  wares  ;  having  their  near  or  remote  origin  in  the  specific  volume  or  the  co-efficient 
of  expansion  of  the  materials  or  ultimate  compositions  thereof  employed  and  fired  :  and  the  many 
phenomena  of  disagreement,  or  otherwise,  between  the  clay-wares  and  the  glaze,  may,  each  in 
its  turn,  be  increased,  or  diminished,  intensified,  or  lessened,  introduced  or  eliminated  by  moving 
along  the  several  "  lines  of  direction "  of  the  squares,  e.g.  the  diagonal  direction  of  N.W. 
to  S.E.,  or  S.E.  to  N.W.,  or  horizontally  from  W.  to  E.,  or  E.  to  W.,  or  vertically  from  N. 
to  S.  or  S.  to  N.,  and  from  the  square  of  one  chart  to  the  corresponding  square  of  another. 
(See  note  on  the  "  Definition  of  the  Charts "  and  note  on  "  How  to  Use  the  Charts "  !) 


4.     All  the  glazes  on  these  seven  Charts  have  a  common  finishing  heat,  which  is  that 
of  the  soft  porcelain  kiln. 


5.  The  substitution  of  F.  material  for  its  equivalent  (in  flux  power)  of  C.  material 
makes  any  glaze  smaller  (contract  more  in  the  cooling-off  kiln). 

The  substitution  of  G.  material  for  its  equivalent  (in  flux  power)  of  F.  +  C.  materials 
makes  any  glaze  bigger  (contract  less  in  the  cooling  off  kiln). 

For  Examples  of  glazes  so  modified  see  Charts  BA,  BZ,  and  CZ. 


6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 


Read  carefully  Sections  from  1  to  9  inclusive  of  the  "Notes  on  the  Construction 

of  your  Glaze,"  pages  8  and  9. 


10.     See  pages  following  above. 


NOTE 

(THAT) 

THE    CONSTEUCTION    OF    YOUB    GLAZE 

(HAS) 

ITS    SCIENCE    AND    A   METHOD. 


These,  translated  into  plain  factory  use  in  these  charts  and  notes,  may  (as  to  their  chief 
points)  be  briefly  summarised  *  as  follows  : — 

1.     The  "  kat-an  "  is  the  backbone  of  every  glaze  process,  and  of  its  method,  and  of 
the  resultant — the  glaze. 


2.     Let  the  symbol  "  n  "  represent  the  number  of  "  charges  "  of  the  "  kat.-an."  put  into 
the  glaze  mill ! 


3.     In  actual  factory  work  the    "charge"^   is    best    regarded  as  being  for  being  con- 
tained in)  a  given  weight  of  a  given  material. 


4.  The  cooling-off  shrinkage  and  the  other  distinctive  qualities  and  characteristics  of 
your  finished  glaze  will  all  be  modified  more  or  less  by  the  proportions  which  its  "  kat.-an  " 
charges  bear  to  the  "  an."  charges  of  its  refractory  acid  constituents  and  to  the  "  kat."  charges 
of  its  basic  fluxing  constituents. 


5.     These  proportions  for  ultimate   glazes  finishing   in  the  heat  of   the  soft    porcelain 
kiln  may  be  concisely  expressed  and  represented  by  the  empirical  ratio  of — 

13  n.  :  n.  :  6n. 

or         ll\n.  :  n.  :  5\n. 

or         10  n.  :  n.  :  5  n. 

or  8\  n.  :  n.  :  4^  n.,  etc. 

These  empirics  represent  ratios  between  the  constituent  "  charges  "  of  admixtures  which 
are  of  like  fusibility  but  form  glazes  which  are  not  of  like  coefficient  of  expansion   (shrinkage 

*  The  reader  who  wishes  to  further  pursue  the  purely  theoretical  study  of  glaze-building  is  referred  to  other 
works  by  the  same  author,  shortly  to  be  published,  entitled,  "  Empirics  for  the  Ceramic  Engineer,"  etc. 

•f  Although  loading  the  mill  is  commonly  spoken  of  as  charging  it,  the  "  charge  "  here  meant  is  that  of  the 
electrical  energy  (stored  or  latent  in  the  materials  always  employed)  which  takes,  in  the  fired  glaze,  the  form  of  flux 
•power  or  refractory  power,  etc. 


in  the  cooling-off   kiln)    and    which    differ    also   as    to  some  of   their  distinctive  qualities  and 
characteristics. 


6.     The     ultimate  glazes    formed    may    be     empirically    expressed   as    convolutions   of 
elemental  charges  having  these  charges  convoluted  but  grouped  as  — 

13  n  (an.). n  (kat.-an. ).6n  (kat. ) . 
or         ll^n  (an.). n  (kat.-an.). 5^n  (kat.). 
or         10n(an.).n  (kat.-an.). 5 n  (kat.). 
or  8^ n  (an  ).n  (kat.-an.). 4\  n  (kat.).  etc. 


7.     Now,  to  mix,  for  factory  use,  an  ultimate  glaze  which  shall  contain  20  "kat -an." 

charges, 

if  n  represent  20, 

13  n  (an.)  .  n  (kat.-an.)  .  6  n  (kat.)  . 
represents  260  an.  .   20  kat.-an    .  120  kat. 

and  ll^n(an.)  .  n  (kat.-an.)  .  5^n(kat.)  . 

represents  230  an.  .  20  kat. -an.  .  110  kat. 

and  10  n  (an.)  .  n  (kat.-an.)  .  5  n  (kat.)  . 

represents  200  an.  .   20  kat.-an.  .  100  kat. 

and  8J£  n  (an.)  .  n  (kat.-an.)  .  4^  n  (kat.)  . 

represents  170  an.  .  20  kat.-an.  .  90  kat. 

and  so  on. 

Say  that  you  decide  to  mix    the    first    convolution.     Then    your  ultimate  glaze   is   to 
contain — 

260  "charges"    of    its   refractory  acid    energy  and    20   "charges"  of    its     "kat.-an" 
energy,  and  120   "charges"  of  its  basic  fluxing  energy. 


8.  The  "  charge,"  or  "  ion,"  or  "  electron  "  of  refractory  acid  energy,  is  represented  in 
these  glazes  by  "  an." 

In  other  words,  "  an "  represents,  relatively  and  empirically,  the  unit  of  refractory 
power ;  or  actually  a  given  (constant)  iceight,  x,  of  x  matter  or  material  (which  contains  this 
unit  of  refractory  power,  or  a  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  it) ;  or  the  equivalent  (in  refractory 
power)  of  x  in  whatsoever  form  contained  in  any  earth  (or  material)  elemental  or  compound 
(a  convolution)  introduced  into  the  glaze  composition. 


9.  The  "  charge  "  or  "  ion  "  or  "  electron  "  of  basic  flux  energy  is  represented  in  these 
glazes  by  "kat." 

In  other  words,  "  kat."  represents,  relatively  and  empirically,  the  unit  of  flux  power  ; 
or  actually  a  fixed  (constant)  weight,  y,  of  y  matter  or  material  (which  contains  this  unit  of  flux 
power,  or  a  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  it) ;  or  the  equivalent  (in  basic  flux  power)  of  y  in  whatso- 
ever form  contained  in  any  earth  (or  agent)  elemental  or  compound  (a  convolution),  intro- 
duced into  the  glaze  admixture. 


10 

9.  The  "  kat.-an."  contains  both  "  an."  and  kat."  charges,  and  its  function  is  some- 
times that  of  the  anion,  sometimes  that  of  the  kation,  sometimes  (as  always  in  these  glazes) 
that  of  the  combined  "  kat.-an."  which  represents,  relatively  and  empirically,  its  own  unit  of 

power,  viz.   the  "resultant"  of  these  powers;  or    actually  a  certain  (constant)  ir<>itj/tt,  " V'* ,  of 

material  containing  this  resultant  (or  a  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  it),   in  whatsoever  form 
introduced  into  the  glaze. 

y  =  _  x  in  Ws. 
3 

"  resultant  "  =  5  an.   in  energy. 


10.  It  follows  that  "ions"  or  "electrons"  are  to  the  practical  workman  "charges" 
or  "weights"  (—  pounds,  or  hundredweights,  or  grammes  and  so  on)  of  flux  (energies)  or 
refractory  (energies  or)  material. 

The  "  ion,"  "  electron,"  "  anion,"  or  "  kation  "  may  be  regarded  by  him  as  being  simply 
a  relative  "charge"  contained  in  a  given  freight  of  stone,  flint,  or  other  material  put  into  the 
hopper  when  charging  the  blunger  or  mill. 

The  total  weight  of  a  material  used  will  be  a  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  the  sum,  or 
difference,  or  total  of  the  "charge"  or  "charges"  of  the  flux  kations,  refractory  anions,  etc., 
which  that  material  contains. 


11.  The  ratio  of  the  refractory  energy  (of  the  combined  "an."  and  "katan"  charges) 
to  the  resultant  of  flux  energy  (of  the  sum  of  the  "  kat. -an."  and  "  kations  ")  is,  in  each  of 
these  ultimate  "  convolutions"  (glazes)  of  any  of  these  seven  charts,  the  same  as  it  is  in  each  and 
every  glaze  represented  thereon.  Consequently  their  melting  heat,  or  flowing  heat,  or  finishing 
heat  is  common  to  all  the  compositions  ;  and  that  of  each  composition  is  approximately  that  of  every 
composition. 

That  is  to  say,  every  admixture  fuses  at  a  like  kiln  heat. 


12.     A  composition  may  be  read,  as,  e.g.— 

3565  of  A  .          .          .     Bin  No.  6 

2480  of  E  5 

4800  of  B  7 

3333  of  C  1 

6495  of  F  .          .          .          „         2 

7920  of  D  4 

and  weighed  up  in  grammes,  or  in  hundredweights,  or  in  any  other  denominational  quantity,  or 
unit  of  weight. 

Or  the  composition  may  be  read  as,  e.g.— 

356  5  A  or  35  65  A 

248  0  E  or  24  80  E 

480  OB  or  48  00  B 

333  30  or  33  33  0 

649  5  F  or  64  95  F 

792  0  D  or  79  20  D 

and  weighed  up  in  hundredweights,   or    in    grammes,  or  in  any  other  denomination,  or  unit, 
of  weight. 


11 


DEFINITION    OF    THE    CHAETS. 

THEIR    NATURE    AND    OBJECT. 


a.     Each  chart  has  a  series  of  squares  on  it  like  a  chessboard. 


b.  Each  square  contains  an  exact  (admixture  or)  composition  so  correctly  compounded 
that,  if  properly  prepared  and  fired  under  proper  conditions,  it  will  fuse  to  the  most  perfect 
and    durable    glaze,  which    it   is   possible    for    any    inventor    to    compound,    applicable    to    its 
particular  place  in  its  scale. 

c.  Every  composition  on  the  chart  differs  from  every  other  composition  on  it.       But 
the  fluxing  point  of  every  composition  is  the  same  one  flux  point    and   common    to   each   and 
every  composition.     And  every  composition  will  How  into  glass  at  that  common  flux  heat,  and 
generally,   if  properly  fired  on  in    a  soaking,  slowly  gathering,  open  heat,  should  have  a  face 
like  silk  or  sunlit  water  at  about  +  40°  C.  to   +  60°  C.  above  it ;  and  a  velvety  matte,   or  a 
less  glossed  face,  if  properly  soaked  and  held  in  a  heat  a  little  below,  or  around,  or  above  the 

flux  heat. 

d.  The  arrangement  of  the    compositions  on  the  squares  is  such  that,  if  you  proceed 
from   a  given  square  in    any   direct   line    of  direction   along    the   squares,    some    characteristic 
quality,  or  function,  or  appearance  common  to    the    greater    number    of   the    compositions    ia 
diminished    or    increased     in     degree     or    intensity    by   graduated    steps,   as    you     substitute 
composition  for  composition. 

e.  Suppose,  for  example,  that  you   are   troubled   by   the   difficulties   of  factory,  caused 
by    what    is    scientifically    called   the   co-efficient   of    expansion.       Your    object   is   to   put   the 
contraction    of   the   glaze   into    proper   agreement    with   the   shrinkage   of  the  glazed   clay-wares 
while   both   are   cooling    off    in    the   "finished"    kiln,   especially   below   the   setting  point   of  the 
glaze.     Moving  from  E.  to  W.,  or  from  W.   to  E.,   or  diagonally  N.W.  to  S.E.,  or  S.E.   to 
N.W.   across  or  along  any   and    every    line   of  direction   of  the   squares,    the    glazes    on    the 
squares  are  a  shade  bigger  in  the  one  direction — the  co-efficient  of  expansion  becomes  less,  and 
therefore  the  glaze  shrinks  less.     But  if  you  move  along  the  opposite  line    of  direction,  you 
will  find  them  conversely  as  constant  square  by  square  and  as  gradually  so. 


f.  The  other  difficulties  of  factory  and  characteristics  of  quality  or  appearance  can 
be  worked  out  in  the  same  simple  and  automatically  sure  way,  step  by  step;  while  the 
interest  in  your  work  and  the  revelation  of  it,  the  thought  and  reasoning  awakened  and 
put  in  motion,  and  the  pleasure  in  it  all  so  created,  will  become  absorbingly  recreative  as 
well  as  remunerative. 

ff.  The  materials  used  may  be  the  "  Commercial "  materials  as  commonly  supplied  in 
a  finely  ground  state  by  the  potters'  merchants  and  generally  used  by  manufacturers.  They 
must  be  weighed  up  in  a  perfectly  dry  condition.  The  china  clays,  stones,  spars,  etc., 
supplied  by  the  various  merchants  and  even  by  the  same  merchant  are  not  in  all  cases 
identical.  A  letter  to  the  Author,  c/o  the  Publishers,  will  ascertain  the  most  desirable 
consignment  of  each  to  order  from  the  merchant  dealt  with. 


OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY 


OF 

r\... 


12 


MEMORANDA    TO    BE    NOTED 

PAKTICULAK     TO     CHAET     BA. 


1.     Each    of    these    ultimate    glazes    (convolutions)    represented    in    these    squares    of 
Chart  BA  may  be  empirically  expressed  by 

13  n  (an.)  .  n  (kat.-an.)  .  6  n  (kat.). 


2.  The  ratio  of  the  "kat. -an."  to  the  "an."  in  each  glaze  (convolution)  of  Chart  BA 
is  the  same  as  it  is  in  the  glazes  of  Chart  A.  But  the  introduction  of  the  ions  contained 
in  F  amongst  the  kations,  displacing  their  own  equivalent  of  the  C  flux  energies,  make  any 
glaze  of  Chart  BA  smaller  than  the  glaze  which  is  represented  in  the  corresponding  square 
of  Chart  A.  That  is  to  say,  the  ions  of  F  increase  the  "co-efficient  of  expansion."  In 
other  words,  a  glaze  which  contains  such  "ions"  (or  which  contains  an  earth  or  material 
containing  such  "  ions ")  contracts  more  in  the  cooling  off  than  a  glaze  of  equal  fusibility 
which  does  not  contain  such  "  electrons "  (introduced  into  the  composition  of  the  glaze  by 
an  earth  which  contains  them). 


3.     For  glazes  having  a  "  normal "  co-efficient  of  expansion,  see  Chart  N. 


4.  Any   of  these   ultimate   glazes   (convolutions)   of  Chart   BA   may    be    softened- - 
that  is  to  say,  the  flux  point  may  be  lowered  to  a  less  kiln  heat  by  reducing  the  quantity 
of  D  material  used : — 

12  00  Ws  less  of  D  softens  the   glaze   10°  C. 

24  00  Ws  less  of  D  softens  the  glaze  20°  C. 

36  00  Ws  less  of  D  softens  the   glaze   30°  C. 

48  00  Ws  less  of  D  softens  the  glaze   50°  C. 

60  00  Ws  less  of  D  softens  the  glaze  70°  C.  (seventy  degrees). 

This  will  make  the  glaze  still  smaller,  and,  in  other  respects,  modify  its  character  and 
behaviour.  For  fuller  directions,  see  Note  3,  Chart  A.  For  examples  of  glazes  so  modified, 
see  page  17. 

5.  To  make  these  glazes  yet  smaller,  substitute  F  material  (for  the  C  material  still 
remaining).      Compare  Charts  BA  and  A.     For  examples  of  glazes  so   modified,  see  page  17. 


13 


BA 


13 n  (an. ) .  n  (kat. -an. }.6n  (kat. ) 


Note  especially  that  — 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 

CHAE 

/        91  35  A 

86   90  A 

82  45  A                   78  00  A 

i 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E                   :J7  20  E 

w   *_            1800B 
W  S                    5  33  C 

12  00  B 
5  33  C 

6  00  B                          OB 
5  33  C                     5  33  C 

•    'Expressed 

10  50  F 

10  50  F 

10  50  F 

10  50  F 

1 

84  00  D 

81  60  D 

79  20  D 

76  80  D 

84  66  A 

80  20  A 

75  75  A 

71  30  A                   66  N5  A 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E                   49  (iO  E 

Wa*_     II       24  00  B 

18  00  15 

12  00  B 

6  00  B                          0  1! 

ws 

9  33  C 

9  33  t  ' 

9  33  (  ' 

9  33  C 

9  :::;  c 

18  40  F 

18  40  F 

18  40  F 

18  40  F 

18  40  F 

1 

84  00  D 

81  60  D 

79  20  I) 

76  SOD 

74  40  D 

78  00  A 

7::  50  A 

69  05  A 

64  60  A 

60  15  A 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49  60  E 

Ws*= 

30  00  B 
13  33  C 

24  00  15 
13  33  C 

18  00  15 

1::  :!::  C 

12  00  B 
13  330 

6  00  1! 

l::  33  C 

26  25  F 

26  25  F 

26  25  F 

26  25  F 

26  25  F 

I 

84  00  D 

81  60  D 

79  20  D 

76  80  D 

74  4o  D 

/ 

71  25  A 

66  80  A 

62  35  A 

57  90  A 

53  45  A 

1 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49  60  F, 

Ws*= 

36  00  B 
17  33  C' 

30  00  15 
17  33  C 

24  00  B 
17  33  C 

18  00  B 
17  33  C 

12  oo  1! 
17  :;::  (' 

34  15  F 

34  15  F 

34  15  F 

34  15  F 

34  15  F 

( 

84  00  D 

81  60  I) 

79  20  D 

76  SOD 

74    10  D 

- 

64  60  A 

60  15  A 

55  70  A 

51  25  A 

46  80  A 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49   60  E 

\XT  *  — 

42  00  B 

36  00  15 

30  00  B 

24  00  15 

18  oo  i: 

21  33  C 

21  33  C 

21  33  C 

21  33  C 

21  33  0  . 

42  00  F 

42  00  F 

42  00  F 

42  00  F 

42  00  F 

( 

84  00  D 

81  60  1) 

79  20  D 

76  80  1) 

74  40  D  -  : 

57  90  A 

53  45  A 

49  00  A 

44  55  A 

40  10  A 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49  60  H 

Ws*= 

48  00  B 
25  33  C 

42  00  B 
25  33  C 

36  00  B 
25  33  C 

30  00  B 
25  33  C 

24  00  B 

25  :;::  c 

1 

50  00  F 

50  00  F 

50  00  F 

50  00  F 

50   i 

I 

84  00  1) 

81  60  D 

79  20  I) 

76  80  D 

71    40  1) 

/ 

51  20  A 

46  75  A 

42  30  A 

37  85  A 

:;::  40  A 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49  60  1- 

Ws*= 

54  00  B 
29  33  C 

48  00  B 
29  33  C 

42  00  B 
29  33  C 

36  00  15 
29  33  C 

30  00  1 
29  : 

57  90  F 

57  90  F 

57  90  F 

57  90  F 

57  9d  F 

84  00  D 

81  60  D 

79  20  D 

76  80  D 

71  40  I) 

44  55  A 

40  10  A 

35  65  A 

31  20  A 

26  7 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  K 

49  6( 

Ws*= 

60  00  15 
33  33  C 

54  00  15 

:;:!  33  C 

48  00  15 
33  33  C 

42  00  15 
33  33  C 

36  00  15 

:;:;  :::;  c 

64  95  F 

64  95  F 

64  95  F 

64  95  F 

61    9:,  F 

84  00  D 

81  60  D 

79  20  D 

76  SOD 

74    10  D 

Designation  num- 
ber   by    which 

t 

't 

t 

t 

t     1 

the  vertical  line 
of  direction  of 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

the    squares  is 
indicated. 

1 

1 

I 

1 

!  I 

*  FOOTNOTE. — Ws  means 


weights  of"  :  that  is  to  say,  you  must  weigh  up  the  teholr  composit 

which  you  muy  prefer.     (See 


**fffl 

g-  .<-  »  °  *  "§ 

r  BA 

O           ft.   O   *<     **• 
g.  £    ff  1,  '     § 
g.g    8    0    *    9 

g  jr.  g.  £  <= 

pg  (weights  of) 

—  see  footnote. 

— 

-  Ws* 

A  Bin  No. 
E  Bin  No. 
B  Bin  No. 

XK-*.                      *? 

*" 

(weights  of)    j  C   Bin  No. 

F   Bin  No. 

I 

D  Bin  No. 

55  70  A 

62  00  E 

0  B 

.^ 

13  33  C 

26  25  F 

72  00  D 

49  00  A 

44  55  A 

62  00  E 

74  40  E 

C,  00  B 

0  B 

17  33  C 

17  33  C 

—  wi     > 

34  15  F 

34  15  F 

72  00  1) 

69  60  D 

42  33  A 

37  88  A 

33  42  A 

62  00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

12  00  15 

6  00  B 

0  B 

21  330 

21  33  C 

21  33  C 

•<     O     >• 

42  00  F 

42  OOF 

42  00  F 

7-J  (10  D 

69  60  D 

67  20  D 

:!."j  (','>  A 

31  20  A 

26  75  A 

22  30  A 

62  00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

99  20  E 

18  00  15 

12  00  15 

6  00  B 

OB 

25  33  C 

25  330 

25  33  C 

25  330 

•<     •>!  —  > 

50  OOF 

50  OOF 

50  00  F 

50  OOF 

7-2  DO  J) 

69  60  D 

67  20  D 

64  SOD 

28  95  A 

24  50  A 

20  05  A 

15  60  A 

11  15  A 

6-2  00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

99  20  E 

111  60  E 

24  00  B 

18  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  00  B 

0  B 

29  33  C 

29  33  C 

29  33  C 

29  330 

29  330 

-<—  00  -> 

57  1)0  F 

57  90  F 

57  90  F 

57  90  F 

57  90  F 

72  00  D 

69  60  D 

67  20  D 

64  SOD 

62  40  D 

•2-2  30  A 

17  90  A 

13  35  A 

8  90  A 

4  45  A 

0  A 

62  00  E                  74  40  E 

86  80  E 

99  20  E 

111  60  E 

124  00  E 

30  00  B                  24  00  B 

18  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  00  B 

OB 

33  33  C                  33  33  C 

33  330 

33  330 

33  330 

33  33  C 

64  95  F                  64  95  F 

64  95  F 

64  95  F 

64  95  F 

64  95  F 

7-2  00  D 

69  60  D 

67  20  D 

64  SOD 

62  40  D 

60  00  D 

"-S- 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

11  hundredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  grammes,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
12,  page  10,  and  especial  note  on  page  55.) 


17 


EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTES  4  &  5 

OF   THE 

MEMORANDA    TO    CHART    BA. 


SECTION   OF     THE     CHAET. 


Column 

Column 

Column 

Column 

Flux  point 

I  ft  1 

4 

5 

6 

7 

50°  C. 

Glaze  small  r 

If* 

n     ®     O- 

of  the  Chart 

of  the  Chart 

of  the  Chart 

of  the  Chart 

lower  and 

still 

4  r  1 

BA. 

BA. 

BA. 

BA. 

Glaze  smaller. 

Boa 

ri   2.  S: 

CD       i'    O 

8°            B 

78  00  A 

78  00  A 

78  00  A 

37  20  E 

37  20  E 

37  20  E 

OB 

OB 

0  B 

5  330 

5  33  C 

00 

-<      CO     > 

10  50  F 

10  50  F 

21  00  F 

76  SOD 

28  SOD 

28  SOD 

71  30  A 

71  30  A 

71  30  A 

37  20  E 

37  20  E 

37  20  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

.           4t  «k           v 

9  330 

9  330 

00 

•<  —  CO  —  > 

18  40  F 

18  40  F 

36  80  F 

76  SOD 

28  SOD 

28  80  D 

60  15  A 

60  15  A 

60  15  A 

49  60  E 

49  60  K 

49  60  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

13  33  0 

13  33  C 

00 

•<     >^     > 

26  25  F 

26  25  F 

52  50  F 

74  40  D 

26  40  D 

26  40  D 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

OB 

OB 

OB 

13  330 

13  330 

00 

•<     >^     > 

26  25  F 

26  25  F 

52  50  F 

72  00  D 

24  00  D 

24  00  D 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  1'] 

74  40  E 

OB 

0  B 

OB 

17  33  C 

17  330 

00 

•<     CH     > 

34  15  F 

34  15  F 

68  30  F 

69  60  D 

21  GO  D 

21  60  D 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

21  33  0 

21  330 

00 

•<     Oa     > 

42  OOF 

42  00  F 

84  OOF 

69  60  D 

21  60  D 

21  60  D 

18 


MEMORANDA    TO    BE     NOTED 

PARTICULAR    TO    CHART    A. 


1.     Each    of  these   admixtures    (compositions)    of   earths    (materials)    will    form,    after 
fluxing,  an  ultimate  "  convolution "  (glaze)  which  may  be  empirically  expressed  as 

13  n(an.} .  n(knt-an. ) .  6  n(kat. ). 


2.  The  ratio  of  the  " kat-an."  to  the  "an."  in  each  ultimate  (glaze)  of  Chart  A  is 
less  than  it  is  in  the  glaze  which  is  represented  in  the  corresponding  square  of  Chart  N. 

Therefore  the  glaze  of  Chart  A  is  the  smaller  (contracts  more  in  the  cooling  off). 

For  glazes  of  "normal"  co-efficient  of  expansion  (shrinkage  in  cooling  off)  at  this  soft 
porcelain  kiln  heat,  see  Chart  N. 


3.  Any  of  these  ultimate  convolutions  (glazes)  of  Chart  A  may  be  softened — that  is 
to  say,  the  flux  point  may  be  lowered  to  a  less  kiln  heat — by  reducing  the  quantity  of  D 
used  as  follows  : — 

If,  when  weighing  up  (the  charges  of)  your  materials  for  the  (mixing-house  blunger 
or  mill)  hopper,  you  use 

12  00  Ws  less  of  D  you  will  lower  the  flux  point  by  10°  C.  (de^8) 
or  24  00  Ws  less  of  D  „  „  by   20°  C. 

or  36  00  Ws  less  of  D         „  „  „  by  30°  C. 

or  48  00  Ws  less  of  D         „  „  „  by  50°  C. 

or  60  00  Ws  less  of  D         „  „  „  by  70°  C. 

But  do  not  forget  that  these  alterations  will  also  increase  the  co-efficient  of  expansion 
of  the  resulting  glaze — that  is  to  say,  will  make  it  smaller  on  the  finished  cooled  off  wares. 
They  will,  moreover,  decrease  the  specific  volume  (at  the  same  dipping  weight)  of  the 
slip-glaze  in  the  drying  off  shed  :  in  other  words,  they  may  cure  shelling  off  on  the  stove  or 
set  up  crowfonting  before  setting  in  kiln  or  after. 

For  examples  of  glazes  so  softened,  see  page  23. 


4.     For  "Normal"  glazes  see  Chart  N. 


19 


A 


13  n  (an.} .  n  (kat-an.) .  6  n  (kat.) 


Note  especially  that  — 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 

CHA1 

Ws*= 

tee  footnote 

|        91  35  A                  86  90  A 
0  E                    12  40  E 
18  00  B                   12  00  B 
10  66  C                   10  66  C 
84  00  D                  81  60  D 

82  45  A 
24  80  E 
(5  00  B 
10  66  C 
79  20  D 

78  00  A 
37  20  E 
OB 

10  oo  c 

76  80  D 

=  Ws* 

-  (weights  of) 
«<v  fonttiote 

Ws*= 

84  66  A 
OE 
24  00  B 
18  66  C 
84  00  D 

80  20  A 
12  40  E 
18  00  B 
18  66  C 
81  60  D 

75  75  A 
24  80  E 
12  00  B 
18  66  C 
79  20  D 

71  30  A 
37  20  E 
6  00  B 
18  66  P 
76  80  I) 

60  85  A 

49  00  I-! 

D  i; 
18  co  c 

74  40  I) 

| 
Ws*  = 

77  95  A 
OE 
30  00  B 
26  66  C 
84  00  D 

73  50  A 
12  40  E 
24  00  B 
26  66  C 
81  60  D 

69  05  A 
24  80  E 
18  00  B 
26  66  C 
79  20  D 

64  60  A 
37  20  E 
12  00  B 
26  66  C 
76  80  D 

60  15  A 
49  60  E 

o  (»o  B 
26  oo  r 

74  40  I) 

Ws*= 

71  30  A 
0  E 
36  00  B 
34  66  C 
84  00  D 

66  85  A 
12  40  E 
30  00  B 
34  66  C 
81  60  D 

6-2  40  A 
24  80  E 
24  00  B 
34  66  C 
79  20  D 

57  95  A 
37  20  E 
18  00  B 
34  660 
76  SOD 

5:-!  5d  A 
I'.)  (10  E 
12  00  B 
34  6C  (  ' 
74  40  D 

Wq*=  - 

1 

64  60  A 
OE 
42  00  B 
42  66  C 
84  OJD 

60  15  A 
12  40  E 
36  00  B 
42  66  C 
81  60  D 

55  70  A 
24  80  E 
30  00  B 
42  66  C 
79  20  D 

51  25  A 
37  20  E 
24  00  B 
42  66  C 
76  SOD 

46  80  A 
49  GOE 
18  00  B 
42  (id  r 
74  40  I) 

Ws*= 

57  90  A 
0  E 
48  00  B 
50  66  C 
84  00  D 

53  45  A 
12  40  E 
42  00  B 
50  66  C 
81  60  D 

49  00  A 
24  80  E 
36  00  B 
50  66  0 
79  20  D 

44  55  A 
37  20  E 
30  00  B 
50  66  C 
76  80  D 

40  10  A 
49  f>0  E 
24  00  B 
50  66  C 
74  40  1) 

Ws*= 

51  25  A 
OE 
54  00  B 
58  66  C 
84  00  D 

46  80  A 
12  40  E 
48  00  B 
58  66  C 
81  60  D 

42  30  A 
24  80  E 
42  OJ  B 
58  66  C 
79  20  D 

, 

37  85  A 
37  20  E 
36  00  B 
58  66  C1 
76  80  I) 

33  40  A 
4!i  00  E 
30  00  B 
58  60  (  ' 
74  40  D 

Ws*= 

44  55  A 
OE 
60  00  B 
66  66  C 
84  00  D 

40  10  A 
12  40  E 
54  00  B 
66  66  C 
81  60  D 

35  65  A 
24  80  E 
48  00  B 
66  66  C 
79  20  D 

31  20  A 
37  20  E 
42  00  B 
66  Cli  (  ' 
76  SOD 

26  75  A 
49  60  E 

:;<;  oo  B 

66  66  C 
74  40  D 

Designation  num- 
ber    by    which 
the  vertical  line 
of  direction    of 
the    squares   is  , 
indicated. 

t 
1 

1 

t 
2 

1 

t 
3 

1 

t 
4 

1 

t 

5 

j 

*  FOOTNOTE.  — 


means  "  weights  of"  :  that  is  to  say,  you  must  weigh  up  the  whole  composite 

which  you  way  prefer.     {See  sect.  12 


OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


A 


CO 


44 
74 

34 
69 


55  A 
40  E 
OB 
66  C 
60  D 


37 

74 

6 

42 
69 


88  A 
40  E 
00  B 
660 
60  D 


33  40  A 

86  80  E 

OB 

42  660 
67  20  D 


31 
74 
12 

50 
69 


20  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


26 

86 

6 

50 

67 


75  A 
80  E 
00  B 
660 
20  D 


22  30  A 

99  20  E 

OB 

50  66  C 
64  SOD 


24  50  A 
74  40  E 
18  00  B 
58  660 
69  60  D 


17  90  A 
74  40  E 
24  00  B 
66  660 
69  60  D 


20  05  A 
86  80  E 
12  00  B 
58  66  C 
67  20  D 


15 

99 
6 

58 
64 


60  A 
20  E 
00  B 
660 
SOD 


11 
111 

58 
62 


15  A 
60  E 
OB 
66  C 
40  D 


13  45  A 
86  80  E 
18  00  B 

66  66  C 

67  20  D 


8  90  A 
99  20  E 
12  00  B 
66  660 
64  80  D 


4  45  A 
111  60  E 

6  00  B 
66  66  C 
62  40  D 


0  A 
124  00  E 

OB 

66  66  C 
60  00  D 


7 

J 


t 
8 

1 


t 
9 


t 
10 

i 


t 

u 


i  hundredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  granv/nea,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
;e  10,  and  especial  note  on  page  55.) 


23 


EXAMPLES    TO    ILLUSTBATE    NOTE    3 

OP    THE 

MEMOEANDA    TO    CHAET    A. 


SECTION    OF    THE    CHART. 


Column 

6 

of  the  Chart 

Column 

7 

of  the  CJiart 

Flux  point 

30°  C, 

lower. 

Flux  point 

50°  C 

lower. 

+-»-> 

A. 

A. 

~~ 

/ 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

Line  of  direction 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

Ws=^ 

OB 

26  66  C 

OB 
26  66  C 

OB 

26  66  C 

<-4-* 

( 

72  00  D 

36  00  D 

24  00  D 

of  the  horizontal 

squares. 

{' 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

Line  of  direction 

74  40  E 

71  40  E 

74  40  E 

OB 
34  66  C 

OB 
34  6GC 

OB 

34  660 

^-5-> 

, 

69  60  D 

33  60  D 

21  60  D 

of  the  horizontal 

squares. 

Ws  = 

37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
42  660 
69  60  D 

37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
12  66  C 
59  10  F 
33  60  D 

37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
12  66  C 
12  15  G 
21  60  D 

Line  of  direction 
of  the  horizontal 

squares. 

— 

t 

t 

t 

1 

t 

6 

t 

6 

4 

£ 

6 

7 

7 

7 

•<—  00  -> 

1 

! 

1 

1 

7 

1 

7 

1 

24 


MEMORANDA    TO    BE    NOTED 

PARTICULAR    TO     CHART    N. 


1.     Each  of  the  ultimate  glazes  which  are  represented  on  the  squares  of  Chart  N  may 
be  regarded  as  a  convolution  having  the  formula  :— 

11-5  n(an.)  n(kat.-an.). 5 •  5  n(kat. ) 


2.  The  ratio  of  the  "  kat.-an "  to  the  "  an."  in  each  glaze  of  Chart  N  is  greater  than 
it  is  in  the  glaze  which  is  represented  on  the  corresponding  square  of  Chart  A  and  smaller 
than  it  is  in  the  corresponding  glaze  of  Chart  B. 

But  the  glazes  are  all  of  a  like  fusibility  ;  each  having  the  sum  of  its  refractory 
energies  equal  to  that  of  each  of  the  others  and  the  total  energy  of  its  flux  katious  also 
equal  to  tfiat  of  each  of  the  others. 

Consequently  the  N  glazes  are  greater  than  the  A  glazes  but  smaller  than  the  B 
glazes. 

In  other  words,  the  A  glaze  is  smaller  than  the  corresponding  N  glaze  and  the  N 
glaze  is  smaller  than  the  corresponding  B  glaze. 

Or,  conversely,  the  B  glaze  is  greater  than  the  corresponding  N  glaze  and  the  N 
glaze  is  greater  than  the  corresponding  A  glaze. 


3.  Any  one  of  the  compositions  on  the  squares  of  Chart  N  may  have  its  flux  point 
loioered  —in  other  words,  may  be  softened  so  as  to  finish  in  a  lower  kiln  heat — by  employing 
less  of  D  in  it. 

18  00  Ws  less  of  D  will  soften  the  glaze  by  15°  C. 

30  00  Ws  „  „  „  35°  C. 

42  00  Ws  „  „  „  55°  C. 

Examples  are  given  on  page  29  to  illustrate  this  note.  Compare  also  the  notes  and 
examples  on  other  charts  with  these  ! 


4.  The  substitution  of  F  for  its  equivalent  (in  flux  energies)  of  C  makes  a  glaze 
smaller  (contract  more  in  the  cooling-off  kiln). 

The  substitution  of  G  for  its  equivalent  (in  flux  power)  of  C  or  F  makes  a  glaze 
bigger  (contract  less  in  the  cooling-off  kiln). 

Examples  are  given  on  page  29  to  illustrate  this  note.  Compare  also  the  notes  and 
examples  on  other  charts  with  these  ! 


5.  A  glaze  of  this  Chart  N — if  common  to  column  5  or  6  or  7  and  to  the  diagonal 
of  2  N.W.  to  11  S.E.  and  to  line  4  or  5  or  6  or  7  of  the  horizontal  direction  of  the  squares,  is  of 
"  normal "  co-efficient. 

See  note  on  "  How  to  use  the  Charts." 


25 


N 


11-5 n  (an.} .  n  (kat-an.) .  5'5n  (kat.) 


Note  especially  that  — 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 
See  especial  note,  page  55. 

CHA 

\ 

2 

\ 

Ws*= 

see  footnote 

84  66  A 
0  E 
24  00  B 
8  61)  C 
66  00  D 

80  20  A 
12  40  E 
18  00  B 
8  660 
63  60  D 

75  7--.  A 
24  80  E 
12  00  B 
8  66  C 
61  20  D 

71  30  A                   f,r,  s:,  A 
37  20  K                    I'.i  f,o  !•: 
6  00  B                          D  i. 
8  66  C                       8   (if,  C 
,->s  80  1)                  56   lo  I) 

Wb*= 

1 

78  00  A 
OE 
30  00  B 

it;  06  c 

66  00  D 

73  oo  A 
12  40  K 
24  oo  i; 
16  till  (' 
ii:i  60  D 

69  05  A 
24  80  E 

18  00  B 
16  66  C 
61  2(i  I) 

64  60  A 
37  20  !•: 
12  00  B 

it;  i;t;  c 

58  SOD 

•  io  ir,  A 
in  c,o  i: 

li   OH  1! 
Hi  iii;  C 
56    lo  li 

Ws*= 

71  30  A 
OE 
36  00  B 
24  r>6  C 
66  00  D 

66  85  A 
12  40  E 
30  00  B 

24  6ti  (  ' 
63  60  D 

f.2    10  A 
•24  so  H 
24  00  B 
24  6li  C 
61  20  D 

57  95  A 

:;:  20  K 

1H  00  B 
24  66  C 

58  80  1) 

^              1 

:,:;  5 

t'.i  r,o  K 
12  00  15 
21   66  C 
56  Hi  D 

• 

Ws*= 

64  60  A 
0  E 
42  00  B 
32  66  C 
66  00  D 

60  15  A 
12  40  E 

36  00  B 
32  66  C 
63  60  I)  . 

55  70  A 
24  80  E 
30  00  B 
32  66  C 
61  20  D 

51  25  A 

37  20  i: 
24  00  B 
:!2   liti  (' 
58  80  1) 

46  80  A 

in  <;o  K 

IS    (III   11 

32  i;t;  c 

56   lo  H 

1 
Ws*  = 

1,1  90  A 
OE 
48  00  B 
40  66  C 
66  00  D 

53  45  A 
12  40  E 
42  00  B 
40  66  C 
63  60  D 

49  00  A 
24  80  E 
36  00  B 

.10  i;r,  c 
til   20  D 

41  r,r,  A 
::7  20  E 
30  00  B 
40  66  C 
58  80  D 

40  10  A    • 
49  tio  K 
24  Oil  1! 
40  tit;  (  ' 
5t;  40  n 

Ws*  = 

51  25  A 
OE 
54  00  B 
48  66  C 
66  00  D 

46  80  A 
12  40  E 
48  00  B 
48  66  C 
63  60  D 

42  30  A 
24  80  E 
42  00  B 
48  66  C 
61  20  D 

37  85  A 
37  20  !•: 
36  00  B 

48  (it;  0 

58  8(1  H 

:!3  40  A 

19   do  K 
:io  no  11 
is  r,<;  c 
56  -Id  I) 

Ws*= 

44  55  A 
0  E 
60  00  B 
56  66  C 
66  00  D 

40  10  A 
12  40  E 

54  00  B 
56  6ii  (  ' 
63  60  D 

35  65  A 

24  80  E 
48  00  B 
56  66  C 
61  20  D 

:!l    20  A 
:',7  20  i: 
42  00  B 
56  66  C 
58  SOD 

26  7-'i  A 
49  60  E  I 
:;t;  oo  n 
56  (Hi  C 
56  40  I) 

Designation  num- 
ber    by    which  ' 
the  vertical  line 
of  direction   of 
the  squares    is 
indicated. 

t 
1 

t 
2 

\ 

t 

3 

1 

t 
4 

Y 

f 

•  FOOTNOTE. — Ws  means  "•  weights  of" :  that  is  to  say,  you  must  weigh  up  the  wlml,-  compoj 

which  you  may  prefer.     (Si> 


N 


—  CO 


44 
74 

24 
51 


55  A 
40  E 
0  B 
66  C 
60  D 


37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
32  66  C 
51  60  D 


33  40  A 

86  80  E 

OB 

32  66  C 
49  20  D 


Oft 


31  20  A 

74  40  E 
12  00  B 
40  66  C 
51  60  D 


26 

86 

6 

40 
49 


75  A 
80  E 
00  B 
66  C 
20  D 


22 

99 

40 
46 


30  A 

20  E 

OB 

66  C 

80  D 


24  50  A 
74  40  E 
18  00  B 
48  66  C 
51  60  D 


20  05  A 
86  80  E 
12  00  B 

48  66  C 

49  20  D 


15 
99 


60  A 
20  E 
6  00  B 
48  66  C 
46  SOD 


11 
111 

48 
44 


15  A 
60  E 
OB 
660 
40  D 


17 
74 
24 
56 
51 


90  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


13  40  A 
86  80  E 
18  00  B 
56  66  C 
49  20  D 


8  90  A 
99  20  E 
12  00  B 
56  66  C 
46  SOD 


4  45  A 
111  60  E 

6  00  B 
56  66  C 
44  40  D 


0  A 

124  00  E 
OB 

56  66  C 
42  00  D 


t 
7 

I 


t 
8 

I 


t 

9 

1 


t 
10 

I 


\t 


in  hundredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  grammes,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
p  10,  and  especial  note  on  page  55.) 


29 


EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTEATE  NOTES  3  &  4 

OP   THE 

MEMORANDA    TO    CHAET    N. 


SECTION    OF    THE    CHAET. 


— 

To  illustrate  NOTE  3 

Column 

6 

of  the  Chart 

Column 

7 

of  the  Chart 

Flux  point 

15°  C, 

lower. 

Flux  point 

50°  C. 

lower. 

^w-* 

N. 

N. 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

Line  of  direction 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

OB 

OB 

OB 

<      d. 

16  660 

16  660 

16  660 

^* 

54  00  D 

36  00  D 

15  00  D 

of  the  horizontal 

squares 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

Line  of  direction 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

OB 

0  B 

0  B 

^  K  ^ 

24  66  C 

24  660 

24  66  C 

** 

51  60  D 

33  60  D 

12  60  D 

of  the  horizontal 

squares 

37  88  A                  37  88  A 

37  88  A 

Line  of  direction 

74  40  E                  74  40  E 

74  40  E 

6  00  B                    6  00  B 

6  00  B 

^  /J  ^ 

™ 

32  66  C                   32  66  C 

32  66  C 

51  60  D 

33  60  D 

12  60  D 

of  the  horizontal 

squares 

Column  6  of 

Column  7  of 

To  illustrate  NOTE  4 

Chart  N 

55°  C. 

Chart  A 

70°  C, 

Smaller 

Larger 

^w^ 

lower 

lower 

55  70  A 
62  00  E 

OT> 

55  70  A 
62  00  E 
OB 

55  70  A 
62  00  E 
OB 

16  660 
'12  00  D 

6  660 
19  70  F 
12  00  D 

6  660 
4  05  G 
12  00  D 

44  55  A 
74  40  E 

44  55  A 
74  40  E 
0  B 

44  55  A 
74  40  E 
0  B 

• 

0  B 
34  66  C 
9  60  D 

10  66  C 
47  28  F 
9  60  D 

10  660 
9  72  G 
9  60  D 

37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
42  66  C 
9  60  D 

37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
12  660 
59  10  F 
9  60  D 

37  88  A 
74  40  E 
6  00  B 
12  660 
12  15  G 
9  60  D 

«-.-, 

30 


MEMORANDA     TO    BE    NOTED 

PARTICULAR    TO    CHART    B. 


1.     The   glazes   which   are   represented   in    these    squares   of  Chart   B   may   each   be 
empirically  expressed  as  a  convolution  having  the  formula  :— 

.) .  n(kat-ari) . 


2.     The  ratio  of  the  refractory  sum  of  the   "  an."  and  "  kat-an."  charges  to  the  total 
flux  energy  of  the  kations  is  the  same  in  each  and  every  glaze  of  this  Chart  B  as  it  is  in 
each  and  every  glaze  on  all  seven  charts.      Consequently  each  fuses  at   the  like   kiln  heat, 
which  is  that  of  the  soft  porcelain  kiln. 


3.  But  the  ratio  of  the  "  kat-an."  to  the  "  an."  in  each  glaze  of  Chart  B  is  greater 
than  it  is  in  the  glaze  which  is  represented  on  the  corresponding  square  of  Chart  N. 

Therefore  the  glaze  of  Chart  B  is  the  greater  of  the  two  (contracts  less  than  its  corre- 
sponding glaze  of  Chart  N  in  the  cooling  off  kiln). 

A  glaze  of  the  Chart  N — if  common  to  column  5  or  6  or  7  and  to  the  diagonal  of 
2  N.W,  to  11  S.E.  and  to  line  4  or  5  or  6  or  7  of  the  horizontal  direction  of  the  squares, 
is  of  "  normal "  co-efficient. 

See  Note  on  "  How  to  use  the  Charts." 


4.  Any  of  the  ultimate  glazes  represented  on  the  squares  of  this  Chart  B  may  be 
made  softer—  that  is  to  say,  made  to  flux,  and  therefore  flow  and  finish  in  a  lower  kiln 
heat — by  using  less  of  D  in  the  composition : — 

Using  1200  Ws  less  will  soften  the  glaze  20°  C. 
Using  1800  Ws  less  will  soften  the  glaze  30°  C. 
Using  3600  Ws  less  will  soften  the  glaze  60°  C. 

Compare  Note  3  to  Chart  BA,  and  also  Note  3  to  Chart  N,  and  also  Note  3  to  Chart  A, 
with  this  note  very  carefully ! ! 


31 


B 


10  n  (an.) .  n  (kat-an.) .  5  n  (kat.) 


Note  especially  that— 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 

CHA 

X 

\ 

Ws*=  - 

78  00  A 
OE 
30  00  B 
6  66  C 
48  00  D 

73  50  A 
12  40  E 
24  00  B 
6  660 
45  60  D 

69  05  A 

24  80  E 
18  00  B 
6  6(1  (' 
43  20  D 

64  60  A 
37  20  E 
12  00  B 
6  660 
40  SOD 

(it)   15  A 
49  60  E 
6  00  B 
6  660 
38  4d  I) 

Ws*= 

71  30  A 
0  E 
36  00  B 
14  66  0 
48  00  D 

66  85  A 
12  40  E 
30  00  B 
14  66  C 
45  60  D 

62  40  A 
24  80  E 
24  00  B 
14  66  C 
43  20  D 

57  95  A 

37  -20  E 
18  0(1  1! 
14  66  0 
40  8d  I) 

53  5d  A 

I'.i  r,n  K 

12    (Ml   11 

II   66  0 

::s   in  D 

Ws*= 

64  60  A 
OE 
42  00  B 
22  660 
48  00  D 

60  15  A 
12  40  E 
36  00  B 
22  66  C 
45  60  D 

55  70  A 
24  80  E 
30  00  B 
22  66  C 
43  20  D 

51   -2:,  \ 
37  20  E 
24  00  B 
22  (ill  C 
40  SOD 

46  80  A 
49  60  E 
18  00  B 
22  66  0 
38  40  D 

Ws*= 

57  90  A 
0  E 
48  00  B 
30  66  C 
48  00  D 

53  45  A 
12  40  E 
42  00  B 
30  66  C 
45  60  D 

49  00  A 
24  80  E 
36  00  B 
30  660 
43  20  D 

44  55  A 
37  20  E 
30  00  B 
30  660 
40  SOD 

40  10  A 
49  60  K 
24  00  B 
30  660 
38  40  D 

Ws*= 

51  25  A 
OE 
54  00  B 
38  66  C 
48  00  D 

46  78  A 
12  40  E 
48  00  B 
38  66  C 
45  60  D 

42  80  A 

24  80  E 
42  00  B 
38  66  C 
43  20  D 

37  85  A 
37  20  E 
36  00  B 
38  66  C 
40  80  D 

33  40  A 

49  6(i  K 
30  00  B 
38  66  0 
38  40  D 

Ws*  = 

44  55  A 
OE 
60  00  B 
46  66  C 
48  00  D 

40  10  A 
12  40  E 
54  00  B 
46  66  C 
45  GOD 

35  65  A 
24  80  E 
48  00  B    . 
46  66  C 
43  20  D 

:il  -20  A 
37  20  E 
42  00  13 
46  66  C 
40  SOD 

26  7:.  A 
49  (iO  E 
36  00  B 
46  66  C 
38  40  I) 

Designation  num- 
her     by    which  1 
the  vertical  line 
of  direction  of 
the    squares   is 
indicated. 

t 
I 

t 
2 

1 

t 
3 

4 

t 
4 

1 

t 

5 

i 

*  FOOTNOTE.  — Wfl  means  "weights  of"  :  that  is  to  say,  yon  must  wei^h  up  the  whole  coinposii 

which  you  may  prefer.     (See  sect.  12, 


B 


*  ff  f  rf 


•  v  a       s 

fiiis 


70  A 
00  E 
OB 
66  C 
00  D 


CO 


44 
74 

14 
38 


55  A 
40  E 
OB 
66  C 
60  D 


65  A 
00  E 
00  B 

66  C 
00  D 


37 

74 

6 

22 
33 


88  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


31  20  A 
74  40  E 
1-2  00  B 
30  66  C 
33  60  D 


33 
86 

22 
31 


40  A 
80  E 
OB 
66  C 
20  D 


26  75  A 

86  80  E 

6  00  B 

30  66  C 

31  20  D 


22 
99 

30 
28 


30  A 

20  E 

OB 

66  C 
SOD 


24 
74 
18 
38 
33 


50  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


20  05  A 
86  80  E 
12  00  B 
38  66  C 
31  20  D 


15  60  A 
99  20  E 
6  00  B 
38  66  C 
28  SOD 


11 
111 


16  A 
60  E 
OB 

38  660 
26  40  D 


17 
74 
24 
46 
33 


90  A 
40  E 
00  B 
660 
60  D 


13  45  A 
86  80  E 
18  00  B 
46  66  C 
31  20  D 


8 
99 
12 
46 
28 


90  A 
20  E 
00  B 
660 
SOD 


4 
111 

6 

46 
26 


45  A 
60  E 
00  B 
660 
40  D 


0  A 
124  00  E 

OB 

46  66  C 
24.00D 


t 

6 

I 


7 

I 


t 
8 

i 


t 

I 

9 

I 


t 
10 


t 
u 


1  hundredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  grammes,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
[JIO,  and  especial  note  on  page  55.) 


35 


EXAMPLES    TO    ILLUSTRATE    NOTE 

OF    THE 

MEMORANDA    TO    CHART    B. 


SECTION    OF    THE    CHABT. 


Column 

6 

of  the  Chart 

Column 

7 

of  the  Chart 

Flux  point 

15°  C, 

lower 

Flux  jioint 

30°  C. 

lower 

Flux  point 

40°  C. 

lower 

Flux  point 

50°  C, 

lower 

•  eC 

.0  S>  S 

a  «.  • 

v   ~ 

3  ">  2. 

CO      ^^    ~ 

§  & 

£'  3 

B 

B 

§1 

E§ 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

~r~~ 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

0  B 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

<-&*—> 

6  660 

6  66  C 

6  66  C 

6  66  C 

6  660 

36  00  D 

27  00  D 

18  00  D 

12  00  D 

6  00  D 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

<—Oi—> 

14  66  C 

14  66  C 

14  66  C 

14  66  0 

14  660 

36  00  D 

27  00  D 

18  00  D 

12  00  D 

6  00  D 

42  35  A 

42  35  A 

42  35  A                  42  35  A 

42  35  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E                   62  00  E 

62  00  E 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B                    12  00  B 

12  00  B 

^-05-^ 

22  66  C 

22  66  C 

22  66  C                   22  C6  C 

22  66  0 

36  00  D 

27  00  D 

18  00  D 

12  00  D 

6  00  D 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

0  B 

OB 

OB 

0  B 

0  B 

^-c*—  > 

14  660 

14  66  C 

14  66  C 

14  66  C                   14  66  C 

33  60  D 

24  60  D 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

3  60  D 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

•<—  »—  > 

22  660 

22  66  0 

22  66  C 

22  66  C 

22  66  C 

33  60  D 

24  60  D 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

3  60  D 

f 

i 

t 

t 
6 
6 

i 

6 
6 

t 
6 
6 

+ 

6 

6 

t 

6 
6 

6 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

i 

1 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

Y 

Y 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

4 

1 

Y 

i 

Y 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


36 


MEMOEANDA    TO    BE    NOTED: 

PARTICULAR     TO     CHART     BZ. 


1.     Each  of  the  glazes  represented  within  the  squares  of  this  Chart  BZ  may  be  empirically 
expressed  as  a  convolution  of 

10  n(an.).n(kat-an.).5n(kat.) 


2.  But  the  introduction  of  G  energies  amongst  the  Jcations — displacing  their  own 
equivalent  (in  flux  power)  of  C  energies — makes  any  glaze  of  Chart  BZ  larger  than  the  glaze 
which  is  represented  on  the  corresponding  square  of  Chart  B.  That  is  to  say,  the  ions  of 
G  decrease  the  co-efficient  of  expansion.  In  other  words,  a  glaze  which  contains  G  charges 
(with  or  without  C  ions)  +  a;  of  the  alkalies  contracts  less  in  the  cooling-off  kiln  than  a  glaze  of 
the  same  fusibility  containing  C  charges  (with  or  without  F  energies)  +  x  of  the  alkalies  but  no 
G  ions. 


3.  Any  of  the  ultimate  glazes  'represented  on  the  squares  of  this  Chart  BZ  may  be  made 
softer — that  is  to  say,  made  to  flux  and  therefore  flow  and  [finish  in  a  lower  kiln  heat — by  using 
less  of  D  in  the  composition : — 

The  use  of  1200  Ws  less  will  soften  the  glaze  20°  C.  ' 
The  use  of  1800  Ws  less  will  soften  the   glaze  30°  C. 
The  use  of  3600  Ws  less  will  soften  the   glaze  60°  C. 

Compare  Note  3  to  Chart  BA,  and  also  Note  3  to  Chart  N,  and  also  Note  3  to 
Chart  A,  very  carefully  with  this  note ! 


37 


BZ 


W  n  (an.}  .  n  (kat-an.) .  5 n  (kat.) 


Note  especially  that  — 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 

CHAI 

K2 

\ 

i 

78  00  A 

73  52  A 

69  05  A 

64  60  A 

till    15  A 

! 

0  E                   12  40  E                   24  80  E                   37  20  K                   49  (10  E  J 

Ws*  = 

30  00  B                   24  00  B                   18  00  B                   12  00  B                     tl  00  15    , 
3  33  C                      3  33  C                      3  33  C                      3  33  C                      3  3301 

1  35  G                    1  35  G 

1  35  G                     1  35  G                    1  35  G 

1 

48  00  D 

45  (10  I) 

43  20  D                  40  80  D                  38  4o  1  ) 

71  30  A 

66  85  A 

62  4o  A                    57  95  A                    5:i  5n  A 

1 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E                  37  20  K                   49  till  E 

Ws*= 

36  00  B 

7  33  C 

30  00  B                   24  00  B                   18  00  B 
7  33  C                     7  330                     7  33  C 

12  00  15 

7  :::!  C 

2  95  G 

2  95  G                    2  95  G                    2  95  <; 

2  95  G 

' 

48  00  D 

45  60  1  ) 

43  20  D 

40  80  D 

38   lo  D 

/ 

64  60  A 

60  15  A 

55  70  A 

51  25  A 

4(1  NO  A 

OE 

12  40  E                   24  80  E                   37  20  E                   I'.)  do  K 

W_*_            4200B 
WS                   11  33  C 

::ii  oo  B 
11  330 

30  00  B 
11  3:!  C 

24  00  B                    18  00  B 
11  3:!  C                    11   33  C 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

4  (10  G 

1   tit)  G 

1 

48  00  D 

45  60  D 

43  20  D 

40  80  D 

38  4o  1) 

57  90  A 

53  45  A 

49  oo  A 

44  55  A 

40   lo  A 

0  E                   12  40  E 

24  80  E                   37  20  E 

49  60  E 

Ws*= 

48  00  B                   42  00  B 
15  33  C                   15  33  C 

36  00  B 
15  330 

30  00  B 
15  33  C 

24  00  B 
15  3.'!  (  ' 

6  20  G 

6  20  G 

6  20  G 

6  20  G 

6  20  G    i 

I 

48  00  I) 

45  60  D 

43  20  D 

40  80  I) 

38  40  1) 

51  25  A 

46  77  A 

42  30  A 

37  35  A 

33   lo  A 

0  E 

12  40  E                   24  80  E                   37  20  E 

49  60  K 

Ws*= 

54  00  B 
19  33  C 

48  00  B                    42  00  B                    36  00  15                    30  00  B    . 
19  330                   19  33  C                   19  33  0                   19  :',:•,  C 

7  85  G 

7  85  G 

7  85  G                    7  85  G 

7  S5  G 

.        I 

48  00  D 

45  60  D 

43  20  D 

40  SOD 

38  4o  I) 

44  55  A 

40  10  A 

35  65  A 

31  20  A 

26  75  A 

OE 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49  60  E 

Ws*= 

60  00  B 
23  330 

54  00  B 
23  33  C 

48  00  B 
23  33  C 

42  00  B                   36  00  B 
23  33  C                  23  3::  (' 

9  45  G 

9  45  G 

9  45  G 

9  45  G                    9  45  G 

48  00  D 

45  60  D 

43  20  D 

40  SOD 

38  40  I) 

Designation  num- 
ber   by    which 

t 

-     t 

t 

t 

f 

the  vertical  line 
of  direction  of 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

the  square*    is 

\ 

I 

1 

indicated. 

*  FOOTNOTE. — Ws  means  "  weights  of  " 


that  i«s  to  say,  you  must  weigh  up  the  whol<  nimpo 
which  you  may  prefer.     (See  seat. 


D 

5-  o   —  si  cr  g> 

BZ 

*"     «>   3     SP  (D     •-• 

B;     f  *  *  f 

&  ^  s,    o-  £ 

a<°   a   S'  *   ° 
•i  E  •  w  9.  H 

•    g  s:  a  2  e 

»§£.§•? 

n 

~~ 

PJI 

70  A 
00  E 

0  B 

330 

H™     r 

35  G 
00  D 

00  A 

44  55  A 

00  E                   74  40  E 

00  B                           OB 

33  C                      7  33  C 

•<     Oj     *• 

95  G                    2  95  G 

00  D 

33  60  D 

84  A 

37  88  A 

33  40  A 

00  K                   74  40  E 

86  80  E 

00  B                     6  00  B 

OB 

33  C                    11  33  C 

11  330 

•<     w     > 

60  G 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

00  D 

33  60  D 

31  20  D 


65  A 

31  20  A 

26  75  A 

22  30  A 

00  E                  74  40  E 

86  80  E                    99  20  E 

00  B                   12  00  B 

6  00  B                          OB 

33  C                   15  33  C 

15  33  C                   15  33  C 



•<     •>*     ^ 

20  G                    6  20  G 

6  20  G                    6  20  G 

00  D 

33  60  D 

31  20  D 

28  SOD 

95  A 

24  50  A 

20  05  A 

15  60  A 

11  15  A 

00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

99  20  E                 111  60  E 

00  B 

18  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  00  B 

OB 

330 

19  33  C 

19  33  C 

19  330 

19  330 

—GO     > 

85  G 

7  85  G 

7  85  G                    7  85  G                    7  85  G 

00  D 

33  60  D 

31  20  D 

28  SOD 

26  40  D 

33  A 

17  90  A 

13  40  A 

8  90  A 

4  45  A 

0  A 

00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

99  20  E 

111  60  E 

124  00  E 

00  B 

24  00  B 

18  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  00  B                          OB 

330 

23  330 

23  330 

23  33  C 

23  33  C                  23  33  C 

45  G 

9  45  G 

9  45  G 

9  45  G 

9  45  G                    9  45  G 

00  D 

33  60  D 

31  20  D 

28  SOD 

26  40  D 

24  00  D 

\ 

^ 

t 
6 

t 
7 

t 

8 

t      ' 
9 

t 
10 

t 
11 

1 

1 

I 

1 

undredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  grammes,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
),  and  especial  note  on  page  55.) 


41 


EXAMPLES    TO    ILLUSTRATE    NOTE    3 

OF    THE 

MEMORANDA    TO    CHART    BZ. 


SECTION    OF    THE    CHAET. 


N              t" 

Column 

6 

of  the  Chart 
BZ. 

Column 

7 

of  the  Chart 
BZ. 

Column 

8 

of  the  Chart 
BZ. 

Flux  point 

30°  C, 

lower. 

Flux  point 

40°  C. 

lower. 

Flux  point 

50°  C, 

lower. 

!** 

QQ          O           _ 

M      M     B! 

ill 

(I  "  jr. 

?              0 

9 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

55  70  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

3  330 

3  33  C 

3  33  C 

3  330 

<  ^  > 

1  35  G 

1  35  G 

1  35  G 

1  35  G 

36  00  D 

18  00  D 

12  00  D 

6  00  D 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

7  330 

7  330 

7  33  C 

7  330 

<   cn  —  > 

2  95  G 

2  95  G 

2  95  G 

2  95  G 

36  00  D 

18  00  D 

12  00  D 

6  00  D 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

OB 

0  B 

OB 

OB 

7  330 

7  33  C 

7  330 

7  330 

^—  Ot—  > 

2  95  G 

2  95  G 

2  95  G 

2  95  G 

33  60  D 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

3  60  D 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

11  330 

11  330 

11  330 

11  330 

•<  —  o  —  > 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

33  60  D 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

3  60  D 

33  40  A 

33  40  A 

33  40  A 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

OB 

OB 

OB 

11  330 

11  33  C 

11  33  C 

<  —  C5  —  > 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

4  60  G 

31  20  D 

13  20  D 

7  20  D 

26  75  A 

26  75  A 

26  75  A 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

15  330 

15  330 

15  330 

•<     •>!     >• 

6  20  G 

6  20  G 

6  20  G 

31  20  D 

13  20  D 

7  20  D 

4 1.' 


MEMORANDA    TO    BE    NOTED: 

PARTICULAR    TO    CHART    C. 


1.     Each  of  the  compositions  contained  within  the  squares  of  this  Chart  C  will  fuse 
into  an  ultimate  glaze  which  may  be  empirically  expressed  as  a  convolution  of 

8 •  5  n(an.~) . n(jcat-anj) .4' 5  n(kat.) 


2.  The  ratio  of  the  " kat-an."  to  the  "an."  in  a  glaze  of  Chart  C  is  greater  than  it 
is  in  the  glaze  which  is  represented  on  the  corresponding  square  of  Chart  B. 

Therefore  the  glaze  of  Chart  C  is  the  greater  of  the  two :  that  is  to  say,  it  shrinks 
less  while  cooling  off  in  the  kiln  after  having  been  fired  and  fused. 


3.  From  what  has  previously  been  noted,  it  is  plain  that  the  above  is  not  necessarily 
true  under  certain  obvious  conditions.  It  is  not  true  of  two  glazes  which — although  they  have 
the  greater  and  less  ratio  above  defined — are  not  of  equal  fusibility  and  do  not  approximate 
in  the  several  ratios  between  the  ions  of  the  various  kations  which  they  contain. 


4.     See  Note  3  to  Chart  BZ. 

For  examples,  in  this  case,  see  page  47. 


5.  Any  of  the  ultimate  glazes  represented  on  the  squares  of  this  Chart  C  may  be 
made  softer— that  is  to  say,  made  to  flux,  and  therefore  flow  and  finish  in  a  lower  kiln  heat 
— by  using  more  of  C  in  the  composition  :— 

The  use  of  1000   Ws  more  will  soften  the  glaze  30°  C. 
The  use  of  2000  Ws  more  will  soften  the  glaze  45°  C. 

But  do  not  forget  that  the  co-efficient  of  expansion  of  the  resulting  glaze  will  so  be 
increased— that  is  to  say,  the  glaze  will  then  be  smaller  on  the  finished  cooled  off  wares. 
?,0°  C.  is  equal  to  a  seger  cone. 
For  examples  of  glazes  so  softened,  see  page  47. 


43 


c 


8L2n(an.} .  n  (kat-an.) .  4in(kat.) 


Note  especially  that  — 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 

CHA 

X 

• 

- 

Ws*= 

71  30  A 
OE 
36  00  B 
4  66  C 
30  00  D 

66  85  A 
12  40  E 
30  00  B 
4  66  C 
27  60  D 

62  40  A 
24  80  E 
24  00  B 
4  (16  C 
25  20  D 

57  '.i.-.  A 
37  20  E 
18  00  B 

4  (it;  (  ' 
22  SOD 

53  5i>  A 

4;»  no  K 

I-J   mi  B 

4  6i;  (  • 

•Jo  4o  1) 

We*  — 

W  D     ' 

64  60  A 
OE 
42  00  B 
12  66  C 
30  00  D 

60  15  A 
12  40  E 
36  00  B 
12  66  C 
27  60  D 

55  70  A 
24  80  E 
30  00  B 
12  66  C 
25  20  D 

51  25  A 
37  -20  E 
24  00  B 
12  66  C 

22  80  1) 

46  80  A 

1'J   tin  K 

18  on  i; 
i-j  r,i;  c 
20  40  D 

Ws*= 

57  90  A 
OE 
48  00  B 
20  66  C 
30  00  D 

53  45  A 
12  40  E 
42  00  B 
20  66  C 
27  60  D 

49  00  A 
24  80  E 
36  00  B 
20  66  C 
25  20  D 

44  55  A 
37  20  E 
30  00  B 

20  lit,  C 
22  SOD 

do  10  A 

49  60  K 

>J4   00  15 

20  6U  C 
20  40  D 

Ws*= 

51  25  A 
OE 
54  00  B 
28  66  C 
30  00  D 

46  77  A 
12  40  E 
48  00  B 
28  660 
27  60  D 

42  30  A 

24  80  E 
42  00  B 
28  66  C 
25  20  D 

37  85  A 
37  20  E 
36  00  B 
28  66  C 
22  SOD 

33   10  A 

49  6d  i; 
30  no  i; 

28  66  C 

20  40  l. 

Ws*  = 

44  55  A 
OE 
60  00  B 
36  66  C 
30  00  D 

40  10  A 
12  40  E 
54  00  B 
36  66  C 
27  60  D 

35  65  A 
24  80  E 
48  00  B 
36  66  C 
25  20  D 

31  20  A 
37  20  E 
42  00  B 
36  66  C 
22  SOD 

26  75  A 
49  60  E 
36  00  i; 

:i(i  t;i;  c 
20  40  I) 

• 

Designation  num- 
ber   by    which 
the  vertical  line 
of  direction   of 
the   squares    is 
indicated. 

t 
1 

t 
2 

j 

t      ' 
3 

1 

I 

4 

1 

1 

5 

. 

*  FOOTNOTE.— 


means  "  weights  of"  :  that  is  to  say,  you  must  weigh  up  the  wliolr  rompo; 

which  you  may  prefer.     (Sen  sect.  1 


c 


the  squa 
ndicated. 


Designation  num- 
ber by  which 
the  horizontal 
line  of  direction 
res 


44 
74 

4 

15 


55  A 
40  E 
OB 
66  C 
60  D 


37 

74 

6 

12 
15 


«8  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


33  40  A 

86  80  E 

OB 

12  66  C 

13  20  D 


31 

74 
12 
20 
15 


20  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


26  75  A 
86  80  E 
6  00  B 
20  66  C 
13  20  D 


22 

99 

20 
10 


30  A 
20  E 
OB 
66  C 
SOD 


24  50  A 
74  40  E 
18  00  B 
28  66  C 
15  60  D 


20  05  A 
86  80  E 

12  00  B 
28  66  C 

13  20  D 


15  60  A 
99  20  E 
6  00  B 
28  66  C 
10  SOD 


11 
111 


15  A 
60  E 
OB 

28  66  C 
8  40  D 


17 
74 
24 
36 
15 


90  A 
40  E 
00  B 
66  C 
60  D 


13  40  A 
86  80  E 
18  00  B 
36  66  C 
13  20  D 


8  90  A 
99  20  E 
12  00  B 
36  660 
10  SOD 


4  45  A 

111  60  E 

6  00  B 

36  66  C 

8  40  D 


124 


0  A 
00  E 
OB 

36  66  C 
6  00  D 


t 
7 


t 

8 


t 

9 


t 
10 

1 


t 
11 

1 


lin  hundredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  grammes,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
ie  10.  and  especial  note  on  page  55.) 


47 


EXAMPLES  TO  ILLUSTRATE  NOTES  4  &  5 

OF    THE 

MEMORANDA    TO    CHART    C. 


SECTION    OF    THE    CHAET. 


Column 

5- 

Flux  point 

Flux  point 

Flux  point 

0     0     5* 

1*8 

E.  tr  2, 

of  the  Chart 

20°  C. 

lower. 

40°  C, 

lower. 

60°  C, 

lower. 

ll! 

£    2.  S 

0. 

3   *    *** 

LJ 

63  60  A 

53  50  A 

53  60  A 

63  50  A 

49  60  E 

49  60  E 

49  60  E 

49  60  E 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

^  QJJ  ^. 

4  660 

4  660 

21  330 

21  330 

20  40  D 

8  40  D 

20  40  D 

8  40  D 

Column 

Flux  point 

Flux  point 

Flux  point 

of  the  Chart 

20°  C, 

lower. 

30°  C. 

lower. 

50°  C. 

lower. 

0. 

42  34  A 

42  34  A 

42  34  A 

42  34  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

•<  —  Od  —  >• 

12  660 

12  66  0 

22  66  C 

22  660 

18  00  D 

6  00  D 

18  00  D 

6  00  D 

Column 

F  lux  point 

Flux  point 

Flux  point 

of  the  Chart 

10°  C. 

lower. 

30°  C. 

lower. 

50°  C. 

lower. 

C. 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

44  55  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

OB 

OB 

0  B 

OB 

^  Qj  ^. 

4  660 

4  660 

14  66  C 

21  330 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

^  Q$  >. 

12  660 

12  660 

22  66  C 

29  330 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

15  60  D 

9  60  D 

48 


MEMORANDA    TO    BE    NOTED 

PAETICULAE     TO     CHAET     CZ. 


1.     Each  of  the  ultimate  glazes  on  the  squares  of  this  Chart  CZ  may  be  expressed  as 
a  convolution  having  the  empirical  formula  of— 

8  •  5  n(an. ) .  n(kat-an.} .  4 '  5  n(kat.) 


2.  Some  basic  ions  of  G  displace  some  of  the  basic  ions  of  C  roithout  disturbing  the 
ratio  between  the  sum  of  the  refractory  energy  (of  the  "  an."  plus  the  "  kat.-an."  ions)  and 
the  Mai  flux  energy  (of  the  kations) :  that  is  to  say,  they  do  the  work  of  their  oicn  equivalent 
(in  flux  power)  of  C  energies  without  altering  the  fusibility  of  the  mass. 

Consequently  any  glaze  of  Chart  CZ  will  be  of  less  co-efficient  than  its  corresponding 
glaze  of  Chart  C. 

That  is  to  say  that,  of  the  two,  it  will  contract  the  less  in  the  cooling-off  kiln  and 
ultimately  will  be  in  better  agreement  (fit  better)  with  or  on  a  clay  or  ware  of  low  shrinkage 
(after  fire)  in  the  heat  of  the  soft  porcelain  kiln. 


3.     See  Note  3  to  Chart  BZ. 


4.  Any  of  the  ultimate  glazes  represented  on  the  squares  of  this  Chart  CZ  may  be 
made  softer — that  is  to  say,  made  to  flux  in  a  hacer  kiln  heat — by  using  more  of  G  in  the 
composition  : — 

The  use  of  04  05  Ws  more  will  soften  the  glaze  30°  C. 
The  use  of  08   10  Ws  more  will  soften  the  glaze  45°  C. 

For  examples  of  glazes  so  softened  see  page  53. 

But  do  not  forget  that  the  co-efficient  of  expansion  of  the  glaze  will  so  be   increased— 
that  is  to  say,  the  glaze  will  be  smaller  on  the  finished  cooled-off  wares : — having  contracted 
(shrunk)  more  in  the  cooling-off  kiln. 

Also  the  specific  volume  of  the  slip  glaze  at  the  same  dipping  weight  (or  brushing  on 
state)  will  so  be  decreased,  and  crowfooting  may  be  set  up  in  the  dipping  shed  or  the  stove 
or  after  setting. 

No  glaze  containing  G  should  ever  be  used  until  it  has  had  ample  time  to  mellow  ; 
during  which  time  it  should  be  frequently  (at  least  daily)  agitated  or  blunged. 


OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


49 


cz 


8-5 n  (an.) .  n  (kat-an.) .  4-5 n(kat.) 


Note  especially  that  — 

Any  multiple  or  sub-multiple  of  any 
composition,  or  the  mean  of  any  two  or 
three  compositions  may  be  taken. 

CHAI 

\ 

2 

\ 

/ 

71  30  A                  66  85  A 

62  40  A 

57  95  A                     53  5n  A 

1 

0  E                   12  40  E                   24  80  E 

37  20  E                   49  Co  !•: 

Ws*= 

36  00  B                   30  00  B 
2  83  0                     2  33  0 

24  00  B 
2  33  C 

18  00  B                    12  (Mi  B 

2  a::  (  '                 2  33  0 

95  G                        95  G 

95  G 

95  G                        95  (i 

30  00  D                  27  60  D 

25  20  D 

22  80  D                  20  40  ]> 

/ 

64  60  A                  60  15  A 

55  70  A 

51  25  A                    Hi  so  A 

0  E                   12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  K                    49  (Id  K 

Ws*= 

42  00  B                   36  00  B 
6  33  C                     6  33  0 

30  00  B 
6  330 

24  00  1!                    18  00  B 
6  33  C                      li  3:1  C 

2  55  G                    2  55  G 

2  55  G                     2  55  G                      -2  55  G 

30  00  D                  27  60  D 

25  20  D                  22  so  1)                  20   10  1) 

/ 

57  90  A                  53  45  A 

49  00  A 

44  55  A                   40   10  A 

1 

0  E                   12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E                    -19  CO  K 

Ws*= 

48  00  B                  42  00  B 
10  33  C                   10  33  C 

36  00  B 
10  330 

30  00  B                    24  no  1! 
10  33  C                   10  :J.:i  (  ' 

4  20  G 

4  20  G 

4  20  (J 

4  20  G                    4  20  G 

I 

30  00  D 

27  60  D 

25  20  D 

22  SOD                  20  40  D 

/ 

51  25  A 

46  77  A 

42  30  A 

37  85  A                  83    In  A 

I 

0  E                   12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E                    49  (i()  K 

Ws*= 

54  00  B                   48  00  B 
14  33  C                   14  33  C 

42  00  B 
14  33  0 

36  00  B                   :;o  00  B 
14  3::  ('                  14  :•!:•!  C 

5  80  G 

5  80  G 

5  80  G 

5  80  G                     5  80  G 

I 

30  00  D 

27  60  D 

25  20  D 

22  80  D                  30  40  D 

/ 

44  55  A 

40  10  A 

35  65  A 

31  20  A 

_'(i   7.'.  A 

0  E 

12  40  E 

24  80  E 

37  20  E 

49  <>0  K 

Ws*= 

60  00  B 
18  330 

54  00  B 
18  330 

48  00  B 
18  33  0 

42  00  B 
18  330 

36  00  B 

is  33  c 

I 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  (  i 

I 

30  00  D 

27  60  D 

25  20  D 

22  80  D 

20  40  I) 

•s 

Designation  num- 
ber   by     which 
the  vertical  line 
of   direction  of 

1 
1 

t 

2 

t 
3 

t 
4 

\ 

5 

the   squares    is 
indicated. 

i 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

*  FOOTNOTE.  —  ' 


means  "  weights  of":  that  is  to  say,  you  must  weigh  up  the  whole  comj 

which  you  may  prefer.     (See  sect. 


o 

S-  o  -  •  <*•  er  g 

"*  "•  5  3-  n  S. 
-•   g  n.  i  eg 

rf^  ^^F 
m^^  M—4 

1.  f  i    p 
S   B:  g  *<  5' 

»  «°  n  5'  „.  a 
p-  £  8  o  *  3 

S  ™  S-  ~ 

^ 

X  ,  fl 

^ 

s~     ^N.   V 

<£<    \s 

/          XV 

$r          ^X 

4!l  00  A 

44  55  A 

62  00  E        74  40  E 

6  00  \\           OB 

C3I 

2  33  C         2  33  C 

95  G          05  G 

18  00  D        15  60  D 

42  34  A 

37  88  A 

33  40  A 

62  00  E        74  40  E 

86  80  E 

12  00  B         6  00  B           OB 

OS 

li  33  C         6  33  C 

6  330 

2  55  G        2  55  G 

2  55  G 

18  00  D 

15  60  D 

13  20  D 

35  (>5  A 

31  20  A 

26  75  A 

22  30  A 

62  00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E        99  20  E 

18  00  B 

12  00  B         6  00  B           OB 

._ 

10  33  (  '        10  33  C     |   10  33  C        10  33  C 

*4   > 

4  20  G 

4  20  G        4  20  G        4  20  G 

18  00  D 

15  60  D 

13  20  D 

10  SOD 

28  95  A 

24  50  A 

20  05  A 

15  60  A 

11  15  A 

62  00  E 

74  40  B 

86  80  E 

99  20  E       111  60  E 

24  00  B 

18  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  00  B           OB 

14  33  C 

14  33  C 

14  33  C        14  33  C        14  33  C 

oo 

5  80  G 

5  80  G 

5  80  G        5  80  G 

5  80  G 

18  00  D 

15  60  D 

13  20  D 

10  SOD 

8  40  D 

22  33  A 

17  90  A 

13  40  A 

8  90  A 

4  45  A 

0  A 

62  00  E 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

99  20  E 

111  60  E 

124  00  E 

30  00  B 

24  00  B 

18  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  00  B 

0  B 

18  33  C 

18  33  C 

18  330 

18  33  C 

18  33  C 

18  33  C 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

7  45  G 

18  00  D 

15  60  D 

13  20  D 

10  SOD 

8  40  D 

6  00  D 

+-S-* 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

t 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

4 

1 

1 

'! 

1 

1 

>n  in  hundredweights,  or  in  pounds,  or  in  ounces,  or  in  grammes,  or  in  any  other  unit  of  weight 
ige  10,  and  especial  note  on  page  55.)          , 


53 


EXAMPLES     TO    ILLUSTRATE    NOTE    4 

OF    THE 

MEMORANDA    TO     CHART     CZ. 


SECTION    OF    THE    CHART. 


F 

Column 

6 

of  the  Chart 

Column 

7 

of  the  Chart 

Column 

8 

of  the  Chart 

Flux  point 

30°  C. 

lower. 

Flux  point 

50°  C, 

lower. 

Flux  point 

60°  C, 

lower. 

S  2,  g 
B 

If  & 

-  •  a 

Iri 

CZ. 

CZ. 

CZ. 

III 

8"    '    i 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

49  00  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

2  330 

2  330 

2  330 

2  33  C 

•<—  Ol—  > 

95  G 

5  00  G 

10  40  G 

13  10  G 

18  00  D 

c 

18  00  D 

18  00  D 

18  00  D 

42  34  A 

42  34  A 

42  34  A 

42  34  A 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

62  00  E 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

6  33  C 

6  330 

6  33  0 

6  330 

<—  »—  > 

2  55  G 

6  60  G 

12  00  G 

14  70  G 

18  00  D 

18  00  D 

18  00  D 

18  00  D 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

37  88  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  330 

6  330 

6  330 

6  330 

•<—  O5—  > 

2  55  G 

6  60  G 

12  00  G 

14  70  G 

15  60  D 

15  60  D 

15  60  D 

15  60  D 

31  20  A 

31  20  A 

31  20  A 

31  20  A 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

74  40  E 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

10  330 

10  330 

10  330 

10  330 

•<     <!  —  >• 

4  20  G 

8  25  G 

13  65  G 

16  35  G 

15  60  D 

15  60  D 

15  60  D 

15  60  D 

26  75  A 

26  75  A 

26  75  A 

26  75  A 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

6  00  B 

10  33  C 

10  33  C 

10  330 

10  330 

•<     •»!     > 

4  20  G 

8  25  G 

13  65  G 

16  35  G 

13  20  D 

13  20  D 

13  20  D 

13  20  D 

20  05  A 

20  05  A 

20  05  A 

20  05  A 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

86  80  E 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

12  00  B 

14  330 

14  33  C 

14  33  C 

14  33  C 

+—  CD—  > 

5  80  G 

9  85  G 

15  25  G 

17  95  G 

13  20  D 

13  20  D 

13  20  D 

13  20  D 

GENERAL    NOTES. 


1.     On  the  Sulplia'es—(l)  Plaster-,  (2)  Barytes. — The  use  of  either  is,  for  factory  and 
physical  and  chemical  reasons,  not  to  be  commended. 

But  if  you  wish  to  use  such  you  may  substitute 

06-80  Ws  of  Plaster 
or  11-65  Ws  of  Barytes 

in  place  of  05 '00  Ws  of   Paris  white  to  every  100 '00  Ws  of   the  glaze  admixture    in    dry 
materials. 

Never  employ  a  greater  percentage ! 

The  word  "barytes"  is  sometimes  used  incorrectly  for  "baryta  carbonate." 

"Barytes"  is  the  Sulphate  of  Baryta. 

"  "Witherite "  is  the  Carbonate  of  Baryta. 

"  Plaster "  or  plaster  of  Paris  is  Sulphate  of  Lime. 

"  Paris  white "  is  whiting  or  Carbonate  of  Lime. 


2.  On  Glazes  of  Lower  Fusibility. — Glazes  of  lower  fusibility  than  those  given  on 
the  Charts  are  not  to  be  commended,  and  the  Author  does  not  advise  their  use  in  cases 
where  length  of  life,  and  beauty,  and  other  desirable  qualities  for  competition  with  the  best 
goods  on  the  markets  are  the  aim  of  the  manufacturer. 

But  if  the  clay  or  paste  be  excessively  tender  or  extremely  liable  to  warp,  the 
manufacturer  is  advised  to  make  an  appointment  for  consultation  with  the  Author  before 
making  his  own  experiments  at  modifying  the  glazes  given  herein. 

A  letter  should  first  be  addressed  to  the  Author,  c/o  the  Publishers. 


3.      On  the  Comparing  of  two  or  more  Glazes  (of  reduced  fusibility)  with  one  another. 
The  glazes  given  on  the  CHARTS  are  all  of  equal  fusibility  AND  MAY  ALL  be  compared 

AS   THEY   STAND. 

But,  in  order  to  compare  a  glaze  of  reduced  fusibility  with  a  corresponding  glaze 
belonging  to  any  other  chart  series,  the  flux  point  of  each  and  all  of  them  must  be  reduced 
by  the  same  number  of  degrees  of  heat. 

For  example,  you  must  not  compare  the  glaze  of  Column  6,  line  5,  Chart  C,  reduced 
65°  C.  lower  with  that  of  Column  6,  line  5,  of  Chart  B,  reduced  by  40°  C. 

Also  the  flux  point  of  each  must  have  been  reduced  in  the  same  manner. 

For  example,  you  must  not  take  D  material  from  one  and  add  C  material  to  the 
other.  You  must  take  away  D  material  from  both  and  add  C  material  to  both  if  you  wish 
to  compare  them  with  one  another  in  respect  to  their  co-efficient,  or  any  characteristic  or 
quality  of  either  or  both. 


55 


ESPECIAL     NOTE 

COMMON  TO  ALL  THE  SCALES  or  AND  ALL  THE  CHARTS  AND  NOTES  AND  EXAMPLES 

THROUGHOUT   THE    WORK   AND   THE    COPYRIGHTS   THEREOF. 


THE  MEAN  OR  AVERAGE  COMPOSITION  of  any  Two  or  More  of  the  GLAZES  (and  the  Means 
to  any  number  thereof)  expressed  on  any  of  the  squares  of  the  Charts  is  (and  are)  indicated 
and  to  be  understood  as  occupying  its  proper  place  (and  their  consecutive  order)  thereon  in 
each  and  every  line  of  direction  and  between  each  and  every  two  steps  (glazes)  expressed  in 
the  scale  (and  scales)  represented  thereon,  therein,  and  thereby. 

And  the  multiple  (or  sub-multiple)  of  the  Mean  and  every  Mean  and  of  the  glaze 
and  every  glaze  expressed  is  indicated  and  is  to  be  understood  and  may  be  taken  if  desired 
in  preference  to  any  of  the  other  forms  of  any  and  every  composition  (glaze)  whether 
expressed  or  understood  or  indicated  in  these  Charts  and  Notes  and  Examples  throughout  the 
pages  hereof. 

For  example,  taking  the  particular  scale  of  Chart  N,  of  which  two  intervals  or  degrees 
or  steps  or  graduations,  are  e.g.  represented  by  the  Glazes  of  Column  5  line  3,  and  of  Column  6 
line  4,  some  of  the  steps  (glazes)  indicated  and  to  be  understood  as  between  these  two  given 
glazes  are  as  follows  : — 


Chart 

The  Sum  of        The  Mean  between 

The  Sum  of 

The  2nd  Mean 

Column  5, 

Column  6, 

Col.  5,  line  3,           Col.  5,  line  3,               the  Mean 

between 

line  3. 

line  4. 

and                           and                           and 

the  Mean  and 

Col.  6,  line  4. 

Col.  6,  line  4. 

Col.  6,  line  4. 

Col.  6,  line  4. 

66  85  A 

55  70  A 

122  55  A 

61  27  A 

117  10  A 

58  55  A 

49  60  E 

62  00  E 

111  60  E 

55  80  E 

117  80  E 

58  90  E 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

8  66  C 

16  660 

25  330 

12  660 

29  330 

14  660 

56  40  D 

54  00  D 

110  40  D 

55  20  D 

109  20  D 

54  60  D 

Or,  taking  them  50°  C.  softer,  the  above  glazes  (steps)  in  the  scale  are  as  follows :— 


66  85  A 

55  70  A 

61  27  A 

58  55  A 

49  60  E 

62  00  E 

55  80  E 

58  90  E 

0  H 

OB 

OB 

OB 

8  660 

16  660 

12  660 

14  660 

17  40  D 

15  00  D 

16  20  D 

15  60  D 

56 


Again,  taking  that  particular  scale  of  4  Chart  N,  of  which  two  intervals  or  degrees  or 
steps  or  graduations  are  e.g.  expressed  by  the  glazes  of  Column  7  line  5,  and  of  Column  8 
line  6,  some  of  the  steps  (glazes)  indicated  and  to  be  understood  as  on  the  Chart  between 
these  two  given  glazes  (steps)  in  the  same  scale  are  as  follows  : — 


Chart 

N 

Col.  7,  line  5, 
60°  C. 

lower  than 
expressed  on 

Col.  8,  line  6, 
50°  C. 

lower  than 
expressed  on 

The  Sum 
of  them. 

The  Mean 
between  them. 

TJ,r    >'Mm 

of  the  Mean 
and 
Col.  7,  line  5. 

Tie 
2nd  Mean. 

Chart. 

Chart. 

44  55  A 

33  40  A 

78  00  A 

39  00  A 

83  50  A 

41  75  A 

74  40  E 

86  80  E 

157  20  E 

78  60  E 

153  00  E 

76  50  E 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

OB 

24  66  C 

32  66  C 

57  33  C 

28  66  G 

53  330 

26  66  C 

12  60  D 

10  20  D 

22  SOD 

11  40  D 

24  00  D 

12  00  D 

And  so  on  to  the  4th,  6th,  8th,  etc.  mean. 


Again,  taking  that  particular  scale  of  Chart  N,  of  which  two  intervals  or  degrees  or 
steps  or  graduations  are  e.g.  expressed  by  the  glazes  of  Column  5  line  4,  and  of  Column  6 
line  4,  some  of  the  steps  (glazes)  indicated  and  to  be  understood  as  on  the  Chart  between 
these  two  given  glazes  (steps)  in  the  same  scale  are  as  follows  : — 


Chart 

N 

Col.  5,  line  4, 
60°  C. 

lower  than 
expressed  on 
the  Chart. 

Col.  6,  line  4, 
50°  C. 

lower  than 
exj>ressed  on 
the  Chart. 

27(e  Sum 
of  them. 

The  Mean 
between  them. 

Tlie  Sum 
of  the  Mean 
and 
Col.  6,  line  4. 

The  3rd 
Mean. 

60  15  A 

55  70  A 

115  85  A 

57  90  A 

113  60  A 

56  80  A 

49  60  E 

62  00  E 

111  60  E 

55  80  E 

117  80  E 

58  90  E 

6  00  B 

OB 

6  00  B 

3  00  B 

3  00  B 

1  50  B 

16  66  C 

16  66  C 

33  33  C 

16  66  C 

33  33  C 

16  66  C 

17  40  D 

15  00  D 

32  40  D 

16  20  D 

31  20  D 

15  60  D 

And  so  on  to  the  5th,  7th,  9th,  etc.,  mean. 

Again,  ^,  or  any  fractional  part  of  the  Ws  (weights)  expressed  or  indicated  of  any 
composition,  or  between  any  compositions,  may  be  taken. 

Again,  3  times,  or  any  number  of  times,  the  Ws  (weights)  expressed  or  indicated  of 
any  composition,  or  between  any  compositions,  may  be  taken. 


LONDOS:   PRINTED   BY   WILLIAM   CLOWES   AND   SONS,   LIMITED,   GREAT  WINDMILL   STREET,    W. 


AUTHOR'S    ANNOUNCEMENT 

In  Preparation.  Shortly  to  be  Published. 

Uniform   in   Plan  with  this  Volume. 

FACTORY    GLAZES 

FOR 

CERAMIC    ENGINEERS 


B   of  the   Series 

Pastes.    Body   Dips,   and    Engobes   for   Brushing   On. 
For   Products   fired   to   the   heat   of  the   Soft   Porcelain    Kiln. 


TO    BE    FOLLOWED    BY 


C    D   and   E  of  the   Series 


Leadless   Glazes. 

For   Products   fired   at    Lower    Heats    than    the    Soft    Porcelain 
Kiln    Heat. 

F    G  and   H  of  the   Series 

Pastes,    Body   Dips,    and    Engobes    for    Brushing   On. 

For   Products   fired   at    Lower    Heats    than    the    Soft     Porcelain 
Kiln    Heat. 

L    IVI  and  N  of  the   Series 

Straight-on   Enamels. 

X    Y  and  Z  of  the  Series       Vo,tl£RM,,, 

Hard   Porcelain   Compositions. 


OF  THE 

f  UNIVERSITY   1 


LONDON  :  E.  &  F.  N.  SPON,  LTD.,  57  HAYMARKET 

NEW   YOKK:    SPON   &   CHAMBERLAIN,    123    LIBERTY    STREET 


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